War on Terrorism Essays - Human Rights, International Law, Law

Human Rights and the War on Terrorism Most of us can remember the day vividly when our nation became victim to an act of unspeakable terrorism. September 11, 2001, for our generation, will be our version of ?A date which will live in infamy.? (Franklin D. Roosevelt) As the years have passed and the war still continues over-seas, here in America, our lives were forever changed. From tightened security at all airports, to people arming themselves and blaming others for an event they had no control over and the rise of hate crimes. As our government tries to eradicate the war on terrorism, our human rights and civil liberties are being changed and, ?restricted in the name of security, justified by the administration as necessary to protect the American people, and the international community.? (Tabata, Alexis) The United States has supported human rights and civil liberties only when it did not conflict with security concerns. For an example, the Bush administration was willing to undermine the rights of the people as part of the war on terrorism. On October 26, 2001, a bill was introduced as the USA Patriotic Act (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act) This allows the government and other such agencies to conduct searches and tap into things like phone calls, phone messages, and e-mails without a court order. This act also allows them to seize documents like financial records, medical records, business or any other documents if there is suspicion of terrorism or if they suspect a connection to terrorism. (The ?Global War? on Terror) Some individuals would view this as an invasion of privacy, not knowing that their phone conversations were being listened to by a third party, or having your financial statements clos ely looked at. On the other hand, this enables the government to closely monitor potential acts that could possibly lead to something similar to 9/11. Unless the government has a just cause or evidence, this ?invasion of privacy? is not a daily occurrence. On the contrary, this act directly interferes with Article 12 of the Declaration of Human Rights. Act 12 of this declaration is as follows: ?No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to their protection of the law against such interference or attacks.? (Declaration of Human Rights) In 2012, two bills were passed by President Obama. The Enemy Expartriation Act, which further elongates the list of things that will enable the government to take away an American citizen?s citizenship and the National Defense Authorization Act that allows the United States Military to carry out domestic anti-terrorism operations on U.S. soil and enables them to detain or hold a United States citizen without a proper trial. This directly defies our human rights as shown in article 11 of the Declaration of Human Rights: ?Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.? (Declaration of Human Rights) September 11th, 2001, is not the only example where human rights were affected. The rights were violated in World War II when Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Executive Order 9066. This order allowed the US to place anyone with Japanese heritage into internments camps that were set in California, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, and Arkansas. (Siasoco, Ricco Villanueva). These internment camps were a violation of the basic rights put forth by our American government in our constitution. The 8th Amendment of the American Constitution prohibits the use of cruel and unusual punishment. The conditions of the internment camps can be looked at as cruel and unusual punishment. They had no access to food, water, nowhere to sleep, over-crowded, and treated as criminals for the heritage they were born into. Just because they had the heritage, doesn?t mean they themselves condoned what happened and to put them into internment camps, being ripped away from their families and homes, it wa s a punishment that went against what was written in the American Constitution. What happened then, is happening

Cognition1 essays

Cognition1 essays 10) What are some other key biases that influence judgement? Judgement seems to be influenced by a variety of things each have their own implication on judgement. Overconfidence serves as a bias on judgement. Fischhoff, Slovic, and Lichtenstein, in 1997, tested this idea. The participants were given the question "Absinthe is a: A) liquer or B) a precious stone." The subjects were to choose the correct answer, and state the probability of being correct. It was found that when the subjects were 100 percent confident in their answers, they were only correct 80 percent of the time. This provides evidence that there is in fact, a dissociation between knowledge and awareness. Another bias that influences judgement is the hindsight bias. This is commonly referred to as the Monday morning quarterback, saying "He should have...." This bias works on the premises that hindsight is 20/20. We can see the hindsight bias in many psychology experiments where the subjects are asked to predict the outcomes of an event, doing so with chance accuracy. After being told the outcomes, the subjects say that the predictions would be easy because the outcomes are obvious. What they are failing to do is to carefully compare the outcomes with reasoning, which may propagate inaccuracy. The confirmation bias is another bias which influences judgement. This bias happens in a variety of forms. First, when subjects are assessing a belief, they are more likely to seek evidence that confirms the belief than evidence that does not support it. Second, when disconfirming evidence is made available to them, subjects often fail to use it, in adjusting their beliefs. Third, subjects will forget non-supporting evidence, and show memory bias toward cases similar to their beliefs. Finally, subjects regularly fail to consider alternative hypotheses, which might explain the available data as well as the current beliefs. Logic can influence judgement to a c ...

Illustration of Federalism The Immigration Debate Assignment

Illustration of Federalism The Immigration Debate - Assignment Example The law states that it is illegal for a person not to carry a foreign identification if they are illegally in the state. The law also allows residents of Arizona to sue any government society that is found not following the laws of immigration. It prohibits people who are hiring labour from taking up illegal immigrants. The law further stipulates that fines will be given to anyone who does not follow the immigration laws. Supporters of SB 1070 say that illegal immigration is a problem in Arizona since the resources in the state are taken up by people who do not belong to the state, and that the illegal immigrants have bought with them many evils in the state such as drugs from the Mexico border. Views of those in opposed to the immigration law are mostly the immigrants who are there legally, and they say that they feel threatened by the strict laws since they may be targeted because of their heritage. Those in favor of the laws feel that it will keep the state safe from the evils that the immigrants bring to the state, and residents will have access to all resources. The federal judge (Judge Susan Bolton ) was opposed to the laws requiring police officers to check a person’s identity while implementing other laws, and the one requiring immigrants to carry their foreign identification documents or risk being charged. However, she preserved the policies that require all entities to abide by the immigration laws and the restriction of hiring illegal immigrants as daytime workers. The interests of the federal government in opposing the Arizona law are political and economic in that the government aims to increase its economic stability by using the immigrants. The political reasons are in getting support from many people in order to get votes during elections. The case in the Supreme Court is whether the ruling made by Judge Susan Bolton should

You will see it under the instruaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

You will see it under the instruaction - Essay Example She was very observant when it comes to the Arab women and their role in respected Arab culture. This story utterly reflects Arab culture. It primarily revolves around Arab women their interaction with men, their duties and their role in the society or how they are taken in the Arab world and Ferraris very wisely has written her story as the perspective of this novel is mostly seen through the male eyes. Describing Sharia Laws and other Arab rituals, Zoe has totally focused to explain Arab culture and its society to the western world, who are not very completely aware of the lives in that country in very delicate way. The major events of the novel involves the sudden disappearance of nouf for ten days before her wedding as she was engaged to Qazi. Nayir then came into a scene as Othman, nouf step-brother, asks him to find his lost sister. The story continues as Nayir searches for nouf in a vast dessert and finds her dead pregnant body. He then go into a collaboration with Katya, who happens to be Othman’s fiancà ©e to find the truth. From there they start working together and in the end resolve the unsolved mystery. Nouf was in love with Othman and was pregnant with his baby. She ran off because she was afraid of peer’s reaction. Nouf was killed by Abir, her sister, who was in love with Qazi. Abir was burning in the feeling of envy so she killed her sister to win her love. Katya, Othman’s fiancà ©e when found this, she left him. As the writer has told us about the Arab culture, she has explained in a detail way about the cultural patterns of the Arab world. Arab are regarded as the people who follow strong ethical, moral and family values and people who go against such social rituals even they are right or have a good reason to that they have to face penalties. The same is being described by Zoe Ferraris that how much social values matter to these people without which people can’t function properly and outside world need to

European Union law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

European Union law - Essay Example The case involved a claim from a Belgian woman employee whose compensation on termination of her employment was less than that given to her male counterparts performing identical duties. ECJ held that Article 157 TEFU providing for equal pay for men and women was directly effective provision of the Treaty enabling private citizens to sue their Governments or their agencies in the national courts of their state for remedy against sex discrimination (Tovey, 2010-2011). In Defrenne, it was made clear that the principle of equal for equal work would not only be binding on the member state but also private employers as guided by Article 119 of EC later Art 141) which sets out criteria to identify direct and overt discrimination (Defrenne v Sabena , 1976). In this connection, Article 157 defines payment of wage or salary and any other consideration whether in cash of kind received by an employee directly or indirectly. Further, in Defrenne, it was held social security schemes or benefits s uch as retirement pensions directly governed by legislations fell outside the scope of Art 157 TEFU. Now, regarding the case of Kate of personnel department aggrieved over her less favourable treatment than the employees of marketing department, article 4 of the Directive 2006/54/EC needs to be examined. Article 4 of the Directive states that for the same work or work of equal value, there should be no discrimination in pay on the basis of sex. Kate’s case is that pay for marketing department employees is one third higher than that of her own pay. There is no case that marketing department employee’s pay differed in terms of sex. In this case, all the marketing department employees are males except for one part-time female employee. There is no case that she is being paid lesser a rate of pay than her male counter parts receive. It is

Energy Policy of Russia

Energy Policy of Russia Introduction Russia is a naturally powerless nation, encompassed by other extraordinary powers and having no effectively faultless fringes. Furthermore, Russia is a huge, cold domain populated by assorted ethnic gatherings that generally have been at chances with Moscows brought together power. This leaves Russia with a reasonable arrangement of objectives to hold together as a nation and secure itself as a provincial force. To start with, Russia must solidify its general public under one power. Second, it must extend its energy over its quick neighborhood to make cradles against different forces. The formation of the Soviet Union is the clearest case of this basic in real life. Finally, it must influence its characteristic assets to accomplish an offset with the immense powers past its fringe (wikipedia, 2015). The Russian Energy approach is contained in an Energy staggering strategy archive, which sets out strategy for the period until 2020. In 2000, the Russian government endorsed the primary procurements of the Russian energy procedure to 2020, and in 2003, the new Russian energy system was affirmed by the legislature. The Energy Strategy record traces a few primary needs: an increment in energy productivity, diminishing effect on nature, feasible improvement, energy advancement and mechanical advancement, and in addition enhanced viability and aggressiveness. The economy of the Soviet Union was in view of an arrangement of state responsibility for method for creation, aggregate cultivating, modern assembling and brought together authoritative arranging. The economy was described by state control of venture, and open responsibility for resources. (Rousseau, 2013). Historical Perspectives Political background: The Putin regime is very much aware of the difficulties confronting the Russian energy division. Russias endeavors in the previous decade to move far from reliance on energy trades by concentrating on mechanical improvement have not been especially effective and keep the nation fixing to the destiny of its energy part. Russias technique of utilizing its energy trades as both an outside strategy apparatus and an income generator is conflicting now and again: To utilize energy in remote approach, Moscow must have the capacity to lower or raise costs and debilitate to cut off supplies, which is an abomination to the income producing perspective. The Kremlin has started creating an arrangement of strategies intended to modify the nation to the progressions that will come in the following two decade (James Henderson, 2014). Economical Background: The Soviet financial framework was set up for in the range of six decades, and components of that framework stayed set up after the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991. The pioneers applying the most considerable impact on that framework were its organizer, Lenin, and his successor Stalin, who secured the predominant examples of collectivization and industrialization that, has to be normal of the Soviet Unions halfway-arranged framework. In the year of 1980, on the other hand, inborn imperfections have to be clear as the national economy moped; without further ado from that point, change projects started to modify the conventional structure. One of the boss reformers of the late 1980s, Yeltsin, directed the considerable disintegration of the focal arranging framework in the mid-1990s (Jong, 2012). While in the 1980s Russia had experienced supply deficiencies, all through the 1990s as transported in merchandise overflowed into the nation, Russians could no more manage the cost of most products. Stores that had already stood void were currently supplied with a wide range of products that nobody could stand to purchase (Phyllis, 2014). Energy Background: Russia is a naturally powerless nation, encompassed by other awesome powers and having no effortlessly faultless outskirts. Moreover, Russia is a monstrous, generally ungracious region populated by differing ethnic gatherings that truly have been at chances with Moscows brought together power. This leaves Russia with an unmistakable arrangement of objectives to hold together as a nation and make itself as a provincial force. To start with, Russia must unite its general public under one power. Second, it must extend its energy over its quick neighborhood to make cushions against different forces. The production of the Soviet Union is the clearest illustration of this basic in real life. Finally, it must influence its common assets to accomplish a parity with the considerable powers past its outskirts. Russia has utilized a mixture of instruments all through history to attain to these objectives, going from farming fares to immaculate military success and intimidatio n. By the 1950s, Russias energy segment had turned into one of the significant mainstays of its financial and political quality (Rousseau, 2013). Markets: What Energy Sources have been most important; how have energy market dynamics affected Russia? Russia has always been focused on the European markets. Since then, they have been too determined about the fact they are controlling the European markets. Various new undertakings are being developed, however these new ventures might just balance declining yield from maturing fields and not bring about critical yield development in the close term. The utilization of more propelled innovations and the use of enhanced recuperation systems are bringing about expanded oil yield from existing oil stores (St. Rosemary Educational Institution, 2015). The potential oil stores of Eastern Siberia, the Russian Arctic, the northern Caspian Sea, and Sakhalin Island are pulling in consideration. Various worldwide oil organizations have secured real estate and are putting intensely in investigation and advancement on hydrocarbon-rich Sakhalin Island, despite the fact that the Russian government is pushing for a more prominent part for household organizations in these ventures. Gazprom procured control of the Sakhalin task from Shell, and it is looking for control of the displaying of gas supplies from the Sakhalin I anticipate drove by Exxon Neft Ltd, an auxiliary of Exxon. Russian organizations are likewise venturing into the Arctic and Eastern Siberian areas, impelled on by assessment occasions and lower oil fare levies. While a few new fields have gone ahead line subsequent until 2009, bringing extra fields into generation will require some investment and may oblige a transformed oil charge administration from the legislature (eia.gov , 2013). International Oil (Energy) Companies and National Oil (Energy) Companies; What International Companies Have Played a Major Role; Does Russia Have National Energy Companies? Of course, Russian owns the Gazprom Company and it is one of the biggest petroleum and energy providers in the Russian market and the neighboring area of Europe and eastern Russia. Gazprom is a worldwide energy organization. Its real business lines are geographical investigation, creation, transportation, stockpiling, preparing and offers of gas, gas condensate and oil, offers of gas as a vehicle fuel and also era and promoting of warmth and electric force. Gazprom perspectives its main goal in dependable, proficient and adjusted supply of common gas, other energy assets and their subsidiaries to buyers. Gazprom holds the worlds biggest regular gas saves. The Companys offer in the worldwide and Russian gas stores makes up 18 and 72 every penny separately. Gazprom represents 14 and 74 every penny of the worldwide and Russian gas yield in like manner (gazprom, 2015). At present, the Company effectively executes expansive scale ventures went for misusing gas assets of the Yamal Peninsul a, Arctic Shelf, Eastern Siberia and the Far East, and in addition, hydrocarbons investigation and generation extends abroad (gazprom, 2015). There is also Rosneft followed by Surgutneftegaz as well as Tatneft and Lukoil. These firms are state-owned monopoly transneft and the oil products pipelines are owned and operated by the subsidiary Transnefteproduct. Russia offers an intriguing sample of the differentiation between the attractions of an unlimited hydrocarbon asset base to significant oil and gas organizations and the issues that can be experienced in attempting to put resources into it. Global Partnership in Russia gives a novel knowledge into the joint endeavors, which have been framed in the middle of residential and worldwide accomplices in Russia amid the post-Soviet time (ucsf.edu, 2015). Energy Mix: What Are the Major Sources of Energy That Russia Uses; Has the Mix Changed Over Time? Russia is the second biggest maker of dry regular gas and third-biggest fluid fills maker on the planet. Regardless of its critical stores of coal, it delivers just humble measure of coal. Russias economy is very subject to its hydrocarbons, and oil and gas incomes represent more than 50% of the government spending plan incomes. Russia is a real maker and exporter of oil and characteristic gas, and its economy generally relies on upon energy trades. Russias monetary development keeps on being driven by energy fares, issued its high oil and gas creation and the lifted costs for those products. Oil and gas incomes represented 52% of government spending plan incomes and more than 70% of aggregate fares in 2012. Russia is the third-biggest generator of atomic power on the planet and fourth-biggest regarding introduced limit. With ten atomic reactors presently under development, Russia is the second nation on the planet regarding number of reactors under development in 2012, as per the IA EA (James Henderson, 2014). Energy Security: What Are the Energy Security Challenges Russia Faces; Have These Changed Over Time? It is all related to the relations between Russia and the European Union since Russia suffers economic sanctions. Correspondence in energy business access is a subject, which during the time has highlighted reliably at the highest point of the EU Russia plan. After some time, the issue has come to mean distinctive things on either side of the association in any case. For the EU, correspondence relates to openness of the inner energy advertise in return for access to remote markets. So also, correspondence considers the insurance of the inner business against those states that have not changed their energy segments in equivalent measure. Russia in any case, sees correspondence in connection to the status of the long haul supply administration that exists in universal gas exchange. It bargains more with quantitativeexchanges,suchasvolumes by-volumes, orassetswaps.Atthesame time, venture correspondence comes from any political accord between the on-screen characters included. Fundamenta lly, the matter is best represented through, from one viewpoint, the tenets on third nation administrators inside the EU internalenergymarketwithinthe’third legislativeMarketPackage’, and the change of existing and reception of new Russian enactment on the support of outside organizations inside its energy area. In 2007, the European Commission tabled a bundle of proposition to change the inward energy market. The bundle included solid tenets on the partition of systems from exercises of creation and supply and a correspondence provision (Aron, 2013). Energy Economic Development: What Role Have Which Energy Sources Played in the Russian’s Economy? The quick test to common gas rents, then again, is a sharp loss of benefit in view of the opposition from option methods of generation made conceivable by new advances. The last incorporates even penetrating to tap shallow yet expansive stores and water powered breaking when sand, chemicals, and water, gel, or condensed gasses are infused under incredible weight into shale rock developments to concentrate gas and oil. Therefore, throughout the most recent decade US gas imports have contracted by 45 percent. Much more than Russian oil, regular gas rents are liable to psychologist altogether in the impending years. Notwithstanding Gazproms infamous defilement and international transparency positioned it among the minimum straightforward organizations on the planet (eia.gov, 2013). Putins dedication to oil and gas as the backbone of Russias advancement originates from a profound and withstanding feeling about its significance to the countrys economy. Much sooner than he came to power, he had accepted that the rebuilding of the national Russian economy on the premise of mineral and crude material assets was a key component of financial development in the close term. One of the worlds two biggest oil makers and the main supplier of regular gas to Europe, Russia has progressively utilized its incomes from energy fares to reinforce the Putin administration. As new, less expensive energy suppliers develop and the business gets to be leaner and more aggressive, Russia needs to reduce its reliance on benefits from these assets on the off chance that it is to dodge stagnation and perhaps a monetary emergency. The administration needs to actualize profound institutional changes to make a superior speculation atmosphere and enhance the economy, yet in doing as such it da ngers undermining the tyrant vertical of force (Lanthemann, 2013). Governance: How Has Russia Dealt With Energy Issues? Fundamentally, the EU essentially unrealistic to fly a lot of characteristic gas from some other source. In light of the current numbers, and all the more particularly, it can be presumed that, regardless of the possibility that we include the Azerbaijani characteristic gas, shale gas in North America and common gas, which can be imported from the Eastern Mediterranean, we get less 50 billion cubic meters, that is, the aggregate utilization every year. As it were, the volume of gas from all these option sources will meet stand out third of the characteristic gas that we purchase in Russia, and just 10% of aggregate utilization in Europe. Second, to the offer 2035-imported gas taken together utilization of regular gas in Europe will increment from the current 66% to 84%. On the off chance that these information are broke down in light of the way that the North Sea stores are lessened, the European business is under extreme weight in a circumstance. Europe is not preceding the investig ations. Third, the interior strife in Iraq and Libya determine these nations past the energy segment (U.S. Library of Congress, 2015). Sustainability Justice: What Are the Main Sustainability Issues Facing the Russia? How Has It Sought to Deal With These Issues? Energys helpfulness as a method for accomplishing Russias three principle objectives has adjusted over the long run in light of the fact that Russia has needed to change its techniques relying upon shifts in household or global circumstances. Moscows quality lies in its adaptability in dealing with its energy segment. Past fare incomes, the energy division has added to the production of a locally steady and industrialized state. Russias household energy utilization is high because of to a great degree chilly climate for a large portion of the year, yet notwithstanding inefficiencies inside the energy part and the expense of creating energy, the nations residential stores have empowered Moscow to give its subjects and the businesses that utilize them with low energy costs (Phyllis, 2014). Conclusion Finally, the energy segment additionally adds to Russias capacity to grow its impact to its prompt neighbors. Moscows utilization of energy as influence in the support states contrasts from nation to nation and extents from controlling local energy generation. Swinging to option oil and gas trading nations may give a short to medium-term arrangement; be that as it may, Europes emphasis on lessening its reliance on Russia redirects consideration from the locales proceeded with dependence on hydrocarbons. The southern Gas Corridor may sidestep Russia and Iran, however, by all evidences Europe would remain excessively subject to hydrocarbon energy trades from a locale that remaining parts inside Russias range of authority, albeit to a lesser extent a firm hold than beforehand. As opposed to the proceeding with prioritization of energy security connected to the fare and import of oil and gas, the eventual fate of energy security for both Europe and Russia lies in the expansion of energy assets and in moving far from a reliance on fossil fills (Aron, 2013). References:

From Pilate to Pilate and Song to Song Essay -- essays research papers

Toni Morrison presents various different allusions to the Bible in her novel Song of Solomon. The most apparent examples of this are represented within the parallels between Pontius Pilate and Pilate Dead, along with the thematic plot of love present in the novel and in the biblical book Song of Solomon. Morrison shows a great deal of correlation between the Bible and Song of Solomon. She uses her creativity to present familiar characters in a new and different light. She is able to present the same characteristics in an original story that has a vast amount of biblical similarities in love, strength, and power. There are several circumstances that demonstrate Morrison’s creativity in the parallel aspect of the story. Pilate, for one, is a strong and independent character determined to live the way she sees fit. Fascinating is how Pilate got her name. Macon remembers after their mother dies during child birth, their father must point to a name out of the Bible, but unfortunately, he cannot read. â€Å"How his father, confused and melancholy over his wife’s death in childbirth, had thumbed through the Bible, and since he could not read a word, chose a group of letters that seemed to him strong and handsome; saw in them a large figure that looked like a tree hanging in some princely but protective way over a row of smaller trees† (18). Even more interesting is the description of Pilate cooking when Macon is spying through the window as â€Å"Pilate swayed like a willow over her stirring† (30). This is a representation of what Pilate Dead will be and what the biblical Pilate was; strong like a willow tree. There is clear evidence from scripture that Pilate was a strong man that primarily did what he thought would be best for him. In the book of John, after Jesus is sent to be crucified, â€Å"Pilate wrote a title, and put it on the cross. And the writing was, JESUS OF NAZARETH THE KING OF THE JEWS†¦and it was written in Hebrew, and Greek, and Latin. Then said the chief priests of the Jews to Pilate, Write not, The King of the Jews; but that he said, I am King of the Jews. Pilate answered, What I have written I have written† (Holy Bible, John 19.19-22). This is unmistakably a description of the dominance enveloped in his character. The chief priests of the Jews did not want it written out for all to see that Jesus was considered a king, but Pila... ...ffection for his lover, in the novel they kill or act irrationally, in a conventional sense, for love. In their minds every action is justified by the love that they feel, whether it is for power and wealth, closeness, or maintaining the race. Love is all around them and drives them to be the people that they are. In all cases, including biblical, they cling to the love that inspires even the most absurd of actions and live their lives to fulfill their needs. Works Cited Bryant, Cedric Gael. "Every Goodbye Ain't Gone: The Semiotics of Death, Mourning, and Closural Practice in Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon." MELUS 24.3 (1999): 97+. Buehrer, David. â€Å"American History X, Morrison's Song of Solomon, and the Psychological Intersections of Race, Class, and Place in Contemporary America.† Journal of Evolutionary Psychology 25.1 (2004): 18+. Glickman, Craig. â€Å"Solomon’s Song of Love: Let a Song of Songs Ispire Your Own Romantic Story.† Publishers Weekly 250.47: 60-61. Holy Bible: Authorized King James Version. Michigan: Zondervan, 1994. Life in the Spirit: Study Bible. Donald C. Stamps, gen. ed. Michigan: Zondervan, 2003. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: Vintage, 2004

Hcs 430 Week 2 Essay

Regulatory Agency paper Name HCS/430 Legal issues in Health Care: Regulations and Compliances September 27, 2010 Instructor Regulatory Agency paper The Joint Commission is an agency that maintains partnership with the government to help improve the standards of health care within the United States. The Joint Commission accredits health care organizations and health care programs by setting standards to help improve the quality and safety of health care. The Joint Commission work closely and collaborates with government officials and legislation by ensuring health care organizations in the United States meet specific guidelines, set by The Joint Commission, which health care services provided are delivered with the highest quality and safety for the patients they service. Generally, health care organizations elect to have the joint Commission evaluate their facility through surveyors who work under a Board of Commissioners that is made up of health care experts that advocate for consumers. History The history of The Joint Commission dates back to the early 1900s. Earnest Codman M.D. created a system that would help hospitals track their patients from the beginning of admission through discharge. The proposed result system help hospitals determine if the patients care was successful. The results influenced future patient care. By 1917, the American College of Surgeons proposed a certification program for hospitals. The first minimum standards for hospitals were also developed in 1917.Very few hospitals met the proposed standards. By the 1953, the American College of Surgeons transformed their hospital certification program to the Joint Commission. The Joint Commission started accrediting hospitals in that same year. The Joint Commissions sponsors included the American College of Physicians, the American Hospital Association, and the American medical Association (The Joint Commission, 2010). Through the years, many notable changes were made, including the accreditation program for all health care organizations. Standards were developed for every accreditation program and updated each  year. In 1987, the Joint Commission organization changed to the Joint commission on Accreditation of Health care Organizations (JCAHO) to reflect the organization’s mission. During the 1990s the organization focused on performance improvement and measurement outcomes. By the early 2000s, the Joint Commission designed pathways that focused on improving the accreditation process and establishing goals for improving the patient safety and quality of care. Source and Scope of Authority The Joint Commissions main source of authority is governed by the Board of Commissioners that consists of a diverse group of health care experts. The corporate members include the American College of Physicians, the American College of Surgeons, the American Dental Association, the American Hospital Association, and the American Medical Association. The Joint commission also works closely with Congress to improve the quality and safety of health care (The Joint Commission, 2010). Structure The structure of the Joint commission is made of a diverse group of health care experts that seek to improve health care services. The Joint Commission’s Board of Commissioners and the corporate members collaborate on setting standards and requirement for health care organizations for improving health care and safety practices within the United States. The Joint Commission has set multiple standards for different health care programs. The standards and requirements must be approved by the Board of Commissioners. The Joint Commission also consists of several board committees’ that have specific areas of interest, such as executive, accreditation, performance measurement, standards, survey procedures. The Joint Commission also has a Board of directors who help provide consults to health care and focuses on global accreditation. The board members also serve as liaisons to many groups and committees that are affiliated with the Joint commission (The Joint Commission, 2010). Day-To-Day Responsibilities The responsibilities of the Joint Commission are to set standards to help improve the quality of health care services and provide safety guidelines for health care organizations. Their mission as a nonprofit organization is to continuously improve health care (The Joint Commission, 2010). The Joint  Commission accredits and certifies health care organizations by surveying facilities to ensure health care standards, performance measurements, safety guidelines have been implemented and carried out for better patient. The Joint commission sets standards and guidelines in compliance with federal laws to evaluate health care services. Health care organizations generally volunteer to seek accreditations from the Joint Commission by allowing expert surveyors evaluate their facility. The surveyors are made up of a multi-disciplinary team that spends an average of two days inspecting health care facilities. The purpose for the inspection is to evaluate a health care facilities standards, staff, regulations, policies and procedures, and quality improvement, and performance measurement. The Joint Commission surveyors generally look to see if the organizations governing board is taking part in ensuring that the facilities has facilitated safety and quality assurance program. In order for a health care organization to qualify for an accreditation, they must certain requirements. The requirements that health care facilities must meet before applying for an accreditation are, the organization must be located the United States and governed under the United States government, the facility works on improving quality of care, the facility has an indication of services provided, the facility addresses the standards set by the Joint Commission, the facility meets the requirements Medicare and Medicaid. Other responsibilities of the Joint Commission are to strengthen the safety of patients and build the trust and confidence of communities. The Joint Commission is constantly addressing specific areas to help hospitals improve their performance measurement. Effects on Health Care The Joint Commission has a direct effect on the health care system. The standards developed by the Joint Commission help health care organizations improve their care they provide. An accreditation from the Joint Commission is a seal of approval that is an indication to patients that the health care facility focuses on quality care and the safety of their patients. According to Ernest, (2009, p.48) â€Å"evaluating healthcare organizations and inspiring them to excel in providing safe and effective care of the highest quality value†, However, Ernest, (2009, p.48) also argues that The Joint Commission has placed the needs of the facility it inspects above those of  their patients. This is an indication that some of the standards set are burdensome to health care organizations and deemed unnecessary. According to (â€Å"Doctors lash out,† 2007), JCAHO requirements that become implemented are sometimes at odds with the real needs of patients even though they are supposedl y driven to ensure patient safety. They take control away from the physician/nurse-patient relationship where it should be. Example of Agency Carrying out Duties An example of an agency carrying out its duties would be the Joint Commission and their mission to improve the health care and safety for patients. Health Care organizations, such as hospitals must comply with federal and state laws to protect the health and safety of their patients. A hospital that provides different services must meet the regulations and standards set for each service provided. The duties are carried out play a role in governments funding toward health care, such as Medicare and Medicaid. These government funded programs set certain standards that hospitals and other health care organizations must adhere to in order to qualify for reimbursement. The Joint Commission has set standards that must be carried out by health care organizations compositions, structure, and daily functions. Basically, a health care organization must carry out their duties because of the responsibility that encompasses the health care system a whole. Conclusion The Joint Commission is a nonprofit organization that is dedicated to improving the quality of health care and the safety of all patients. Their mission is to continuously improve the health care services within the United States. The Joint Commission has helped improve the quality of health care and how it’s delivered through a series of standards and regulations that health care organizations must comply with in order to meet the accreditation that symbolizes excellence in health care delivery. Through much collaboration with a diverse team, health care and health care safety will continue to improve through the ongoing effort and dedication from the Joint Commission.

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study Any activity such as study, policy or project with the hope of success must involve participants at all stages. In a project, participants ought to be involved in needs assessment, project identification, planning, monitoring and evaluation. When making policies, the subjects to the policy should be involved right from policy planning and formulation, up to evaluation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Tuskegee Syphilis Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This ensures that the beneficiaries own the entire process of the study, project or policy and that they give their consent for the study to advance (Annas Grodin, 1992). Creation of a good rapport between researchers and the target population enhances goal achievement. This paper outlines a brief summary of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. The Tuskegee syphilis study brought the unethical nature of some researchers into the limelight of the society. The study inv olved 400 African American males between 1932 and 1972. The United States Public Health Service carried out the study (Gray, 1998). It derives its name from the area where it was conducted-Tuskegee in Alabama. The sole intent of the study was to expose the effects of untreated syphilis. The researchers felt that by studying the effects of the disease, they would come up with its â€Å"natural course.† The government researchers never informed the participants about the aim of the study nor did they get their consent. The researchers did not ask them to participate, and the subjects did not do it voluntarily. Furthermore, the researchers duped the subjects into thinking that government doctors were sufficiently philanthropic to offer them free treatment (Gray, 1998). In fact, many participants thought that they were getting a perfect cure for â€Å"diseased blood† from the investigators. Participants were not aware that they were suffering from syphilis, and nobody told them about the development and treatment of the disease. This was extremely unethical of the researchers. As if that were not enough, they ensured the study involved the blacks who did not have adequate resources for quality medical attention.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One can deduce that the researchers targeted the vulnerable population in society; the poor, semiliterate people of African origin. They failed to give the patients antibiotics, which would have improved their health significantly (Aschengrau Seage, 2008). Previously, patients suffering from syphilis got treatment in the form of â€Å"heavy metals† but with the invention of antibiotics, there were high hopes of better healthcare among the patients. They knew they would get instant treatment for their conditions. The study came to an end in 1972, after having taken place for more than two decades. This came after the national media criticized the government researchers, who could not even administer penicillin to the patients, leave alone notifying them about their illness. Such a study is widely unacceptable. However, it served as an eye opener to many ethical-concerned institutions, and it marked the beginning of the concept of informed consent (Gray, 1998). This is the right of participants in a study to understand the nature, as well as, risks and benefits of a research process. The issue of informed consent also marked advancements in the field of social research. There was the incorporation of ethics into this field, and rarely do researchers conduct their studies without an informed consent. In summary, the moral integrity of any researcher is crucial in a study. It is quintessential to involve all participants of a study in the whole process of study. They ought to be told clearly about the goals and benefits of a research. This enhances their participation a s they feel they are working with reputable people. References Annas, G. Grodin, M. (1992). The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code. New York: Oxford University Press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Tuskegee Syphilis Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Aschengrau, A., Seage, G. R., III (2008). Essentials of Epidemiology in Public Health (2nd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. Gray, F. (1998). The Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Montgomery, AL: Black Belt Press.

Analysis of Crimes of The Heart essays

Analysis of Crimes of The Heart essays 2. The scenes take place in the home of the Magrath sisters. (Actually it's their grandfather's house, but it is cared for and inhabited primarily by Lenny Magrath.) 3. The house is old, the exact age and condition is not described. 1. The play takes place in the summer sometime during the late 19 70's to early 1980's. 2. The play takes place soon after the birthday of Lenny Magrath, which has a special significance to the characters. 1.The 3 Magrath sisters, Lenny, Babe, and Meggy, are the main cluster of characters. The other three characters are Chick, a Magrath cousin, Barnette, Babe's attorney, and Doc Porter, an old friend of Meg and Lenny. A character that is often talked about is Granddaddy, yet he is never seen. 1. The Magrath sisters complete the different portions that fufill society's image of an ordinary woman. Each of these women play the roles that a normal woman plays such as wife, mother, daughter, and sister. Barnette is a lawyer who is defending Babe, whom he is infatuated with. Doc Porter is a father of two and a husband who once wanted to be a doctor, who now apparently owns a small ranch, he also spent time as a house painter. Granddaddy is an old man who is in the hospital. 2. It seems that all the characters have a mutual respect for each other, aside from Chick who has strong opinions concerning Meg. As I have mentioned the character of Barnette is infatuated with Babe. Babe and Lenny both feel that Meg has always been treated better by their Grandmother and Grandfather. 4. The Characters all live in a democratic nation. 5. The characters pay no attention to religion, it is rarely mentioned in the play. 6. The prevailing attitudes of the characters are that family is important, sex is not considered a bad thing. They seem to con ...

CLINIQUE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CLINIQUE - Research Paper Example This is imperative for effective advertising communicationii. The medium that has been used for the Clinique advert is print medium - Cosmopolitan magazine. Cosmopolitan is a popular magazine for women between the ages of 18 to 45. They mainly feature topics such as self grooming, sex, relationships and celebrity gossip. This is an ideal medium for conveying Cliniques message as Cosmopolitan is widely read by the consumer group that Clinique wants to target. This print media is also suitable for the target audience because women who have busy lifestyles due to work, family or relationships tend to find relief from browsing through magazines in search of solutions to their lifes little problems and issues. It is the time for thinking, and planning. By including an advert in such a magazine, Clinique catches the attention of the thinking reader, hence the long and explanatory copy. In advertising, understanding the need of the target audience is important to position the product and its message.iii The target audience seems to be older women between the age bracket of 30 years and 45 years who are undergoing the aging process and in need of staying young. Since they lead a busy life perhaps working or caring for a busy family, they look for a daily skin care solution which is easy to use yet achieve the desired effect of having "newborn skin, head to toe". Cliniques positioning is to identify Turnaround attributes with the target audiences desire to "improve skin of all types and tones". Since no price is mentioned, the researcher assumes that the product is expensive. Instead, Clinique wants to focus on what women want most out of a daily cream. They want to position their Turnaround cream as the ultimate solution for women who want to keep their skin "healthy looking", make them feel "young" and look "radiant" upon application. The objectives of the campaign are to extend its Turnaround brand, and make Clinique the authority

Discussion Question Responses for Strategic Management Assignment

Discussion Question Responses for Strategic Management - Assignment Example I strongly agree to the idea that companies’ missions should share a strong link with the vision. A mission is better described or elaborated, as compared to the vision. This is because it explicates the reason for the firm’s existence, the technicality it desires to employ in order to achieve its goals and the scope of its activities or operations. However, I reason that it is not necessary that firms include social responsibility or roles in their missions, even though the idea sells the company. This is because it makes the company engage in unnecessary activities and expenses that can be easily avoided. Acision, a data management firm, offers a comprehensive vision statement that encompasses every important element. First, it understands customers’ needs then followed by the approach employed to meet the needs (Acision, 2011). The company also points the uniqueness of their services by pointing out that their data will be evolving. This is an impeccable approach, as it will ensure the company fully meets its client desires. It is important to note how Acision idealizes themselves as the most prominent firm in mobile data. Despite the fact that the statement itself is debatable, it provides a motivation to the employee when conceptualized. I, therefore, applaud how the company states its values and promote employees condition to uphold the code of ethics strictly. However, I am displeased by the fact that the vision does not state the welfare of employees in the company. I do agree that mission and value statements should be evaluated to test whether they are within reach of practical effort. In discussing the ineffectiveness of a firm’s vision or mission, I find it imperative to look at the factors that cause the same. A clear vision enables easy formulation or creation of company objectives. However, if