Culture and Globalization Essay

INTRODUCTION Identity is a question that may be expressed by an anxiety and a hope at the same time. The anxiety lies in the sense of the existence of our Moroccan identity in all its dimensions, Arabo-berber, Muslim negro-African and modern. It also lies in our existence in the world in different parts of the planet where we have decided, voluntarily or not, to assert our existence; a planet that has become a finished space, a global village, surrounded by all kinds of flows, economic, human, electronic, and cultural, which are aspects of globalization; a globalization that could not only be a kind of interdependence among the national spaces which existence is still alive but also an internal phenomenon in these spaces. The advantages and disadvantages of this multiform process can diverge from one partisan to another. Some see in it the chance of a new world and others see in it the risk of an incomparable oppression. The problem of the Arabo Islamic identity or Arab identity occupies the front of the scene. The Islamic world has never been so active in the sense of the expression of identity, maybe because of the more and more enigmatic character of this identity because as Dryush Shayagan reminds, more than the ethnic and the religious identities, we find a third one in addition that emerges from modernity. He adds that the three identities fit one into the other, create more and more complex fields of interference, and exploit territories that remain most of the time incompatible with each other. He goes on declaring that today, these identical cultures are situated between the â€Å"not yet† and the â€Å"never ever†: not yet modern and never ever traditional. These identities that live henceforth, in â€Å"between the two† are totally burst according to Dryush.[1] At first glance, this triple identity raises obstacles to communication, but on the condition of succeeding in fitting out their respective spaces, it offers on the other hand, new possibilities of communication. The assertion of a reactive and massive Arabian Islamic identity was the adequate answer to the colonial dominion. Today, however, the reflection has to fit and adapt itself to the requirements of a situation namely, globalization, that orders that identity becomes seen as open, diverse and it has to be attentive to pluralism in the internal as well as the external places. We can think that the new network of information and communication will favour the emergence of new forms of citizenship susceptible to fill the current democratic deficit. Media permanently present information in the different parts of the world. With the means of information which the internet network prefigures today, the individual can have a more active role in the search for information. One can also contact a multitude of people of different nationalities, discuss problems of public interest, and express his/her opinions in public forums. GLOBALIZATION, CULTURE, AND THE MOROCCAN IDENTITY It is crucial to see globalization from an academic point of view as there is a strong link bounding globalization and culture. The global culture belongs to what Simon During calls â€Å"transnationalization.†[2] This latter is the process by which cultural products extend their actual space to emerge in a global area. Cultural studies are a kind of reaction to this process. Going deeper in this perspective, we come across many points that may link globalization to culture if we consider that culture is a local issue that may be influenced by the global market, the global sight, or may itself influence the global sphere if it is considered as a tradition or a way of life. Culture, from another view, maybe considered as the basis of the construction of one’s identity but once influences by globalization, the identity may change and we may adopt some practices and beliefs that may be no more appropriate to the local culture. Education is another point where globalization and culture meet. Students nowaydays, are no more interested by some issues tackling family or social events, but rather opt to get aware of the global economic and capitalistic changes that the actual world witnesses. Culture is a part of our identity. If we change culture, we change our identity. Stewart Hall argues that in a changing history, identity should remain the same though it is far from being the case of the modern world we’re living in and where identities are in a permanent process of change and transformation and this is the result of globalization. Always according to Hall, the construction of identity is made by the sight of the other. In other words, the negative view on the other makes of our identity a positive one. The process of constructing identity then is based on opposition. If the sight of the other makes of us who we really are, we are then no more free to chose according to our own tastes but rather chose according to others’ reactions[3]. This may seem ambiguous in a sense and annoying in another. How can globalization affect our own sense of belonging? Belonging to a particular nation and adopting a specific culture is not a matter of choice, it is because we belong to a certain ethnic group that has its own tradition, culture and religion. Once we find ourselves involved in a pre-created world, the acceptance becomes an automatic reaction, but when our sense of belonging to a cultural space or another becomes guided by the global pressures, our identity gets hurt and our mind fragmented and confused between what is ours and what is theirs (what is local and what is global). â€Å"The global popular† is the means of communication that occupies an important place in the projection of visual images to spread information (TV, satellite, internet†¦). If I insist on citing the global popular as one of the links between globalization and culture, it is because I judge it of a high importance and necessity to remind the idea that Simon During came with and which expresses the impossibility to separate the global popular from the global culture. He kept arguing that the reason was not only that both of them belong to a single globalizing system but also because the relation between various forms of cultural products are changing and transacting.[4] Similarly, Arjun Appadurai cited in his essay â€Å"Modernity at Large† one of the most important means of the circulating forms which is the â€Å"mediascape†. Like the global popular, mediascapes allow any information to become local through all kinds of the modern media. By this way the local culture may be adopted by different societies and consequently be global.[5] GLOBALIZATION AND MEDIA Today globalization arouses number of controversies. The term by itself condenses anxieties: it evokes, quite at the same time, the shrinkage of the planet bound to technological innovations and the massive impact of the triumphant capitalism that imposes its extreme dominance. Appadurai approaches, in a frontal way, the question of globalization. He put in the centre of his analysis the notion of flows. For him, what defines the contemporary world is much more circulation than structures and stable organizations. The proof is quite clear when we see people constantly moving from one place to another and the extraordinary development of mass communication with images transited throughout the planet. Until then, the individual lived and conceived himself in certain limits. From a simple geopolitical point of view, the nation state was considered as a stable referent: within it, the dimension of the local used to have a great importance conferring to each individual in a given society their privileged points of anchoring. In this context, the identical constructions occur in a permanent game of opposition between the self and the other, between the inside and the outside. But migrations on the one hand, and the media flows on the other hand, disrupted the spreading order until then. What interests Appadurai is the way this situation not only alters the material life of people but also tends to give an incomparable role to imagination. This does not mean that previously societies have not abundantly, neither in their mythological, literary nor artistic productions, appealed to this faculty. Henceforth, imagination is no more limited in some specific domains of expression, but it changes the daily practices, notably the migratory situations where migrants find themselves obliged to create in their exile a world of them by using all the images that media allow them to receive.[6] The technological progress: Internet The cable and internet offer multiple means to reconstitute communities including migrants and those who stayed in their countries. When we come across globalization of communication we inevitably think of internet. Internet is considered to be the symbol of and at the same time, a vehicle for the development of the future mediatic landscape. As a polymorphic tool spread everywhere, internet is actually inescapable in the study of the actual communication processes. If we consider internet as a media, we automatically notice that it is a quite particular one. Among modern mass media, internet is characterized by a potentially or at least virtually wide broadcasting. It is one of the facets of the internet ideology: everybody can have access to messages, everywhere and so to speak with no constraints, and at the same time, internet presents specific characteristics that make of it an exceptional media. Unlike press or radio-television that necessitate material and financial means, licenses, and a diffusion and distribution network, by internet everything is easier. Everybody can be a transmitter and everybody is potentially provider of contents but not everybody can create his/her own television station contrary to internet by which each one –or almost– can create a web site with only an online computer. All this is almost free more than the accommodating of private individuals that is also, more or less, free. If we consider internet as a media, it is then the time in the history of mass communication when each citizen and each association has the ability to play in the same ground as that of the wide mediatic groups or the big companies. Yve Thiran states that from this point of view, internet is a means of communication par excellence and it is not surprising that the excluded traditional media were the first to use it.[7] What seems to be new in the case of internet is not really the fact that it facilitates the emergence of multiple forms of sites and more or less alternative means of information, but rather the fact that the local structuralizations have voluntarily or not, reached the world as a whole. The neighbouring radio station’s diffusion is limited in the neighbourhood, while the expression on the Net may give the impression to address the whole planet. A neighbouring radio station, once installed in the web, can be heard by the whole world. Contrary to the press of radio-television, internet still looks for its place in the media landscape[8] grouping sites together, contents, services and very (too) diverse possibilities to aspire to a real unit of speech (but it is not probably the purpose of internet neither), in a social gratitude other than the connotations that can be socially planed on the new technologies of information and communication in general. In other words, as we find everything on internet, it is still its strict technical dimension that allows an observer to apprehend it, to seize it mentally and conceptually and to succeed in defining it differently. What is internet then? It is a media, a commercial space, a means of information, a shop window, and a place for exchange and expression; that is to say, so many activities where the interlocutors position themselves differently. The telephone is not a newspaper; nevertheless, internet can be at the same time a telephone and a newspaper, an advertisement hoarding and a room of debate. CONCLUSION Born Jamaican, the English cultural theorist Stuart Hall argued that identity must be understood in terms of politics of localization, of location and statement –not as a process of discovery of lost roots but as the construction of a new or emergent shape of ourselves, linked at the same time to the actual social relations and to the contemporary power relations–. While most of us clearly wish to respect most of the aspects of our tradition and history, Hall suggests that we also need, for speaking, to understand languages which we were not taught. We need to understand and revalue the traditions and inheritances of cultural expressions in a new and creative way as the context in which they are produced evolves constantly.[9] ———————– [1] Shayagan Dryush,  « La Lumià ¨re vient de l’Occident,  » Paris : l’Aube, 2001, Entretiens du XXI Sià ¨cle,  « Oà ¹ Vont les Valeurs,  » UNESCO, Abbin Michel, Paris, 2004. [2] Simon During,  « Postcolonialism and Globalization,  » Culture, Globalization and the World System, ed., Anthony King, Dinghamton, 1991. [3] Stuart Hall,  « Old and New Identities, Old and New Ethnicities,  » Culture, Globalization and the World System, Current Debates in Art History 3, State of New York: Bihghamton, 1991, pp. 41-68. [4] Arif Dirlik,  « The Local in the Global,  » Global/Local: Cultural Production and the Transnational Imaginary, eds., Rob Wilson and William Dissanayake, Durham: Duke UP, 1996. [5] Arjun Appadurai,  « Modernity at Large,  » Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, Public Worlds, Vol. 1, London: University of Minnesota Press, 1996. [6] Arjun Appadurai, Aprà ¨s le Colonialisme, Paris : Payot, 2001. [7] Yve Thiran, Sexes, Monsenges et Internet, Bruxelles : Castells-Labor, Coll.  « quartier Libre,  » 2000, p. 42. [8] Yve Thiran shows that the internet needs traditional media such as television to be able to claim the impact that it had notably during the Clinton-Lewinsky affaire. (Thiran, p. 43) [9] Stuart Hall,  « Old and New Identities, Old and New Ethnicities,  » Culture, Globalization and the World System, Current Debates in Art History 3, State of New York: Bihghamton, 1991, pp. 41-68.

Depreciation Essay

Depreciation Essay A method of accelerated depreciation, in which double the straight-line depreciation amount is taken the first year and then that same percentage, is applied to the un-depreciated amount in subsequent years is called double-declining-balance-method. Depreciation methods that provide a higher depreciation charge in the first year of an asset’s life and gradually decreasing charges in subsequent years are called â€Å"accelerated depreciation methods†.This may be a more realistic reflection of an asset’s actual expected benefit from the use of the asset, which many assets are most useful when they are new. One popular accelerated method is the double-declining-balance-method. Under this method the book value is multiplied by a fixed rate and is the most common rate which is use. When using the double-declining-balance-method the salvage value is not considered in determining the annual depreciation but the book value of the asset being depreciate d is never brought below its salvage value, regardless of the method used.The process continues until the salvage value or the end of the asset’s useful life is reached. In the last year of depreciation a subtraction might be needed in order to prevent book value from falling below estimated scrap value. Since double-declining- balance depreciation does not always depreciate an asset fully by its end of life some methods also compute a straight-line depreciation each year and apply the greater of two. This has the effect of converting from declining-balance depreciation to the straight-line depreciation at a midpoint in the asset’s life.

Essay Exemplar

It is only thin mathematics, wherein a binary truth-false system holds that we are able to discern a true from a false. This essay will argue that, within mathematics, the claim to an absolute truth is warped and self-contradicting, and as a result, processes that search for truths outside mathematics are to be contained within their respective realms of applicability. In other words, the soundness of a truth should not be based on an absolute dichotomy, but rather as a spectrum of validity where locality and scope are cornerstones of validity.Let us however, allow this essay to begin the discussion by assuming that such absolute distinctions are plausible. In mathematics, a truth is defined as any statement that can be deduced from a logical, valid, sound process with the respective given assumptions. In other words, a truth is something that, assuming the same axioms, should follow directly with the irrefutable laws of logic. A falsehood must therefore be any statement or claim tha t cannot be sustained by a valid logical process with the given assumptions. Let's take the example of Pythagoras, whose famous theorem is ubiquitous to this day.Pythagoras assumed a Euclidean plane system and used past theorems to rove his own. It is not his proof that will be the focus of this essay, but the process. Pythagoras developed his proof through the method of abstraction, that is, he removed all connections that his ideas had with the real world: â€Å"He realized that numbers exist independently of the tangible world and therefore their study was untainted by the niacin racier of perception†(Sings 5). Indeed, the goal of this process was to â€Å"discover truths that were independent of opinion or prejudice and that were more absolute tan any previous knowledge. † (Sings 5).The process of abstraction is of keen interest, cause it implies tattoo can effectively create truths that are independent of all experience or emotion. However, I will later demonstrat e the process of abstraction is subject to questioning when it claims the right to absolute truths because of the restrictions that axioms undertake. Assuming different axioms stands as a strong counterpoint to question the validity of absolute truths through the process of abstraction. Particularly, this consideration attacks the assumption of truth as ubiquitous, and challenges the locality, or context, in which a truth holds.Again, let us take the example of Euclidean geometry. Euclidean geometry follows the bread and butter 5 postulates that Euclid first proposed. However, his 5th postulate, with slight ;easing, creates worlds that are completely different from the flat planes and static dimensions. Both Albatrosses and Belittle took a different meaning of the 5th postulate. Albatrosses assumed that parallel lines actually do not stay at the same distance Over infinity, but rather diverge from one another; Belittle proposed that they eventually get closer and collide.The discove ries and rather theorems that these mathematicians proposed turned the world on its head. How do these new geometries challenge the assumption of locality in an absolute truth? As it turns out, the elliptic and hyperbolic geometries had earned more than a place but a right to be considered as legitimate mathematics. Hyperbolic geometry adequately fits in to the general theory of relativity, which has a massive predicting power and has robust empirical support. Elliptic geometry now finds a place with GAPS tracking devices and is extremely handy for use in spherical coordinate systems.The crazy new idea f tweaking Culicid's 5th postulate had now to be seriously reconsidered: They were derived through the process Of abstraction and followed sound logic, but could these mathematics claim to be a more â€Å"absolute† truth than the Euclidean geometry? Eugene Wagner, a mid 20th century mathematician and physicist, would respond that yes, all of them would have to be considered equ ally. Wagner was heavily concerned with the puzzle that mathematics in the natural sciences create.How is it that abstract ideas, which have been effectively detached from the real world, are able to model it so precisely? To he physicist, the mathematics that is able to model relativity or the Earth is to be considered, and should therefore consider them to be pursued in terms of utility. Wagner concludes his essay on The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences with a key phrase: â€Å"The miracle of the appropriateness of the language of mathematics for the formulation of the laws of physics is a wonderful gift which we neither understand nor deserve. (Wagner 9) From the scientific point Of view, truths are viable only to the extent to which they can improve what we can say about the workings of tauter. Although this would seem like a correct approach to employ, it is unrepresentative of the role of mathematics. Mathematics is not concerned with physical probabilities, they only care if they could construct a world based on a fixed set of ideas. For the mathematician, any one mathematical world constructed under one set of axioms is by no means superior or inferior to any of the other worlds they could construct with a different set of axioms.Does it portray nature accurately? It doesn't matter! It is of no relevance that what holds up in one mathematical world as true holds evidently false in another world constructed by mathematics. In this respect, any truth that is obtained in mathematics is absolute only to the world to which it belongs. This means that it is not truer that the construction of mathematical worlds (base ten, hyperbolic geometry, etc. ) that can model nature are more absolutely true than any other another mathematical world (clock math, known as modular arithmetic) constructed under a different set of axioms.Claims to absolute truth are restricted to their respective realms of applicability of assumptions; the l ocal applicability and restriction to truth is hat the element of locality takes when assessing the validity of a truth. However, this question has to be severely questioned with respect to the false dichotomy which it establishes immediately – the exclusiveness of self- contained dipoles of truth in mathematics is rather a weakness.Because you start out with a particular set of axioms, which were defined by the entrepreneurial mathematician in the first, and then followed logically, it should be of no surprise that all results fall under neat binary cabinets of truth. What must be considered next is that the majority of claims to truth, outside of self-containing knowledge worlds, are subject to a juxtaposition of truth and falsehood, or the complete breakdown of the dichotomy. The foremost example can give with respect of the natural sciences is that of the observer in quantum physics.In a nutshell, when the scales of things are shrunken to sub-atomic sizes, the behavior of matter changes drastically. Particles can no longer be understood as solid masses in space, but rather as waves, which have a certain probability of existing at a certain point in time when observed. The intriguing part is that, when not observed, there is no laid truth or falsehood about the â€Å"object† being either a wave or a particle. This becomes even more complex when we scale this problem back to the size of humans: the physical principle no longer applies!Not only does this challenge the notion of an absolute ubiquity of truth, but also that of scope, which necessitates that when statements are qualified as a truth or a falsehood, a consideration must be made to the context of the truth and the implications of the truth. How does this judgment fare when exported to the subjective sphere? Unfortunately, I happen to find the discerning of the trial sciences too complex for my sometimes apprehensive social inclinations.

Development of an E-commerce web site Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Development of an E-commerce web site - Essay Example Despite the fact that I did enjoy working with the provided software MS Visual Studio in the workshop session, I have chosen Adobe Dreamweaver as my web development application. I have decided to work with Adobe Dreamweaver mainly because I feel more familiar with the software application, using and creating forms, tables, and buttons together with all other Adobe software, for example, Photoshop, Flash or Fireworks. The scripting language that I have chosen for this task was PHP. The reason why I have chosen PHP instead of ASP.NET C# was that I am more familiar using PHP coding using the Dreamweaver development application. I also wanted to use MYSQL for the products database, even though the learning curve for PHP and ASP.NET C# are about the same based on what you want to achieve. Another reason why I have chosen PHP was that the chosen hosting provider offers a great tool called PHPMYADMIN where MYSQL databases can be created, imported and exported. After testing on your local ma chine, for example with the APACHE XAMPP software, I also chose my testing server application. Regarding the design, I have used the CSS technology to create a simple but immersive shopping friendly look for the web site. This can be shown below in figure 1and 2.Solving the matter of design has brought me to the coding and scripting process.At the beginning of the development process, my coding was aimed for testing the web page on my local machine. Therefore, the PHP scripting was written in a path for accessing the database from my local root folder., as can be seen below. [Figure 3] This code serves to enter the data from MYSQL database called products, created for the web store site containing six items each with five fields: id, name, description, price and an image field. SQL is a standard interactive and programming language for querying and modifying data and managing databases. It is both ANSI and ISO standard. Coding for this specifying database is show below: [Figure 4] A very important part of the development process is testing and evaluation. After linking the database with the web site by coding in my web development application software, it was necessary to test the connectivity and accessibility before uploading it on to the web server. As mentioned earlier, I have chosen the software called APPACHE XAMPP for testing the site on my local machine. The reasons why I have chosen XAMPP as my testing software are that I find it easier to work with, it’s free, it’s provided with quick and simple installation and it includes the PHPMYADMIN tool. This tool allows you to create, import, export save and backup your already existing MYSQL databases. This will save you lots of time when uploading the site on to the server where most of

Environmental Analysis for a Daycare Facility Research Proposal

Environmental Analysis for a Daycare Facility - Research Proposal Example These too should be accurately defined in order to acknowledge the organization’s strengths and weaknesses, as well as potentials. In analyzing the external environmental analysis the PESTEL method will be applied. This means that political, economic, social, technological, and legal factors will be pointed out. The internal environmental factors will be studied through SWOTT, a method in which the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats and trends are identified. External Environmental Analysis With all levels of government facing the need to introduce cuts in the budget, allocations for welfare and other services are in the process of being reduced. It must be noted though that this also happens to be shaped by contending perspectives on government spending from opposing political blocs. One of those that are badly affected by the political squabbles is the reduced budget meant for daycare facilities. The impending cost reduction measure is expected to result in the cl osure of several publicly run daycare facilities. If not, this would prompt stricter regulations for admittance. New York City provides one clear example of the said effect. According to a news report, â€Å"Mayor Bloomberg plans to eliminate 5,000 spots for after-schools programs and move an additional 10,500 similar slots for low-income children from local community programs to the Department of Youth and Community Development’s cheaper Out-of-School Time program† (Katz 2011). This is scenario that is basically taking place in many other cities in the country. Apparently, more children will be displaced, a situation that can be promptly addressed by the establishment of daycare facilities that are privately run and therefore, free from the current underlying politics of government fiscal policies. The current economic conditions have made it even more difficult even for middle-class families to allocate a particular amount of their monthly budget for child care. With incomes shrinking due to inflation, a growing number of parents have seen the need to both have a job. This naturally results in the necessity for child daycare facilities. However, the cost for sending a child to daycare has also increased significantly through the years, taking a big chunk of a family’s monthly budget. Five years ago, the National Association of Child Care Resource and Referral Agencies reported that the average annual fee for one infant ranges from $3,803 to $13,480 (Armour 2006). With recession occurring in 2008 and with the effects still felt even today, it is clear that the said range has increased several times. This only gives the idea that for a daycare facility business to work, it should present itself as a cheaper alternative to other similar private enterprise. As pointed out above, the weakened economy has prompted both parents to seek stable employment. As a consequence, children are left without parental care throughout the day while parents are out working. There is always the option of hiring babysitters but then, in most cases, the children are never given the necessary basic education by such individuals. Babysitter’s primary function is just watching over the children and preventing them from getting into accidents.

Discuss the strategic roles of middle managers Assignment - 2

Discuss the strategic roles of middle managers - Assignment Example In their study, Currie and Proctor (2005) concur with the literature that argues that organizational performance is mainly influenced by what takes place in the middle of the organization than what happens at the top. Based on the work of Floyd and Wooldridge (1992, 1994, 1997, 2000), Currie and Proctor (2005) argue that middle managers have a significant role to play in the ‘thinking’ as well as ‘doing’ of strategy in the organization. The middle managers can actually influence the direction of strategy from top to bottom or bottom to top. According to Currie and Proctor (2005), middle managers play four significant roles in strategic decisions in the organization. First, they synthesise information about the operations of the organisation which can be channelled upwards to the executives and can be used in strategy formulation. Second, the middle managers can reshape the strategies formulated by the executives since they are closer to all activities that o ccur in the organization. Thirdly, the middle managers can also exert downward influence especially in areas that are outside the reach of the executives. The fourth point is that middle managers are responsible for implementing deliberate strategy where they translate corporate strategy into action plans. Thus, it can be noted that from the middle management perspective, the middle managers have important strategic roles to make in an organization. Without middle managers, it may be difficult to achieve consistency in the performance of the organization. Raes et al (2011, p. 102) also suggest that â€Å"the interaction of the top management team (TMT) and middle managers (MMs) is central to effective strategy formulation and implementation.† It can be argued that the middle managers are at the center of all activities in the organization. For instance, they directly link with the top executives and the supervisors and other subordinates below them. This makes then significant in strategy

Research Designs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research Designs - Assignment Example This helps us to verify that the effects seen are actually due to the said Independent variable and not other factors. A true experimental design has all these components; and thus offers the most reliable data and analysis (Kerlinger, 1986). An example of a true experimental study would be when a new medicine is being tested, and different dosages are given to different groups to test it’s efficacy. A control group in not given the medicine, but a placebo instead. The dosage levels are varied as per to opinion of the professional researcher; and the sample chosen is such that it represents the larger population from which it comes. On the other hand, a cross-sectional design and a quasi-experimental design would not allow for manipulation of the independent variable or for the presence of a control group given the nature of the Independent variables under study (Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias, 2008). An example of a cross-sectional study would be a study that tried to verify the type of music preferred across different age groups. Although the experimenter can choose the range of each group; there is no ‘control group’ for this study. On the other hand, a quasi-expeimental design would be one where the efficacy of different treatment options for an illness are compared (Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias, 2008). The researcher cannot assign treatment options and has to collect data from participants who choose the said options. There can be a control group only if there are people who choose to abstain from treatment. The least strong type of study is one that uses a pre-experimental design (Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias, 2008), which only allows for comparison or observation. A typical pre-experimental design is when a group is tested for knowledge before and after a training procedure and then the two scores are compared for difference. The strength of the research design

Broad environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Broad environment - Essay Example When the economy experiences a downward trend, people tend to cut down on their eating out activities and as such, the sales of the restaurants are directly impacted. This is because, spending in restaurants is considered to be a leisure activity due to which the priority to save money by cutting down on these activities are higher (American Business, 2011). Consumer activism with respect to the restaurant sector of the US is high and as such the restaurants operating in this segment have to concentrate on continually adhering to the existing consumer demands and preferences so that a higher level of sustainability is achieved in the businesses (Glickman, 2009). There have been major regional shifts in the population of the United States noted in the last few years. This phenomenon has changed the patterns in which the restaurant industry hires people. The employment patterns have changed with an increase in the influx of diverse groups of employees into the restaurant industry of th e country. Considering the interest rates and the banking trends remain a first financial priority for the restaurants in the United States. Also, the restaurants have to continuously adapt to the economic change so as to ensure higher sustainable competitive advantage (Chibng, 2011). The technological changes have also become a crucial influencer of the functioning trends of the restaurant segment. The advent of new technologies has facilitated different ways of reducing operational costs and achieving higher efficiency levels in the restaurants services. The new cooking technologies and equipment makes it possible for the restaurant businesses to reduce the cost of operating and create higher levels of consumer service and consequently enhance the consumer experiences. The use of new technologies, robots and electronic gadgets for operating the manual equipment used for cooking food and disturbing food in the restaurants has become a high

DDS Consulting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

DDS Consulting - Case Study Example The growth of DSS is as a result of the complex challenges that faced the small school back in 1990s. This comes as the complex challenges forced the school districts to reduce the administrative cost thus calling for a consultation firm or specialist to solve the situation. DSS responded to its growth by subdividing it organs into different practice department mandate to perform distinct duties. These include the information technology, procurement, and system, facilities planning and contract negotiation. The activities of the different department took place with the help and contribution of its members. That is, a selected manager who reports to the general manager of the company heads each department. However, the groups are subjected to get any technical support from the external sources, for instance in case of any query on the way to apply a certain strategy an individual or group should seek assistance from the specialist and the general manager. The manner or the level of un derstanding and cohesiveness amongst the member determines the effectiveness and efficiency of the groups. Situation - Change at DSS How DSS unfreezes old behaviors and moving to a new system The transition of DSS consulting was triggered by the changes of the management strategies. This after the founder decided to cut back the engagement of the management of the organization. The new appointed chief operating offer took the duties and responsibilities of overseeing the entire transition process. She instructed the establishment of a new system that is she felt that it is important to expand the organization operation beyond the traditional customer and strive to deliver more services to the target group (large districts). Its objective was accomplished through the development of new reorganizing and service in a customer-focused and cross-functional approach. The two phases of change, and discuss how this transition influenced Chris, her team, and the feedback she received from Me g. The first phase of change in the company took place immediately after the founder cut back their engagement and involvement in the company. The action of the founders forced Meg to come up with strategic planning on how to maintain the company’s position and realization of its success. The chief operating officers therefore went ahead to promote Chris as the head of the Southwest Region team. The other phase of changes that took place is the decision by Meg to transform the organization’s operation that is her decision to reorganize the departments into a cross- functional team entitled to work on different projects. This influenced the realization of the company’s objective due to the commitment of the member of the group. The team members welcomed the new system because it gave room for diverse ideologies target common goals, which in turn was evident through some positive feedback from the districts and the specialist. Mega also supported the changes and c ommented Chris efforts to work as a group despite the many challenges they encountered. The feedback from Meg was not the expected result after the hard and committed of the group but the group went ahead in accomplishing the projects into the beta testing. Situation: Manager Profile (Chris) Identify the management functions that best reflect Meg’s strengths. Meg stands out as a strong manager with

Multi-Cultural and Political Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Multi-Cultural and Political Society - Essay Example In a political society like America, several interest groups are present, which are based on religious, racial, economic, political, or occupational (Ogene 24). Each of these groups always tries to place their self-interest ahead of their national interest which has been a major issue addressed by various scholars in the American society. Madison’s dilemma is the conception with the American political system, a system where people are at liberty to express their opinions and are given the privilege to petition the government on certain issues (Rosenau 46). In such system, pursuance of self-interest ahead of national interest is visible. The pursuance of self-interest ahead of national interest has been the concern of major stakeholder in the American polity. With the major actors stuck in the middle of whether to subvert self-interest group. A situation that would likely undermine the freedom of speech and rights of the citizens which portends the rise of an autocratic government that will degenerate into the oppression of the masses, or either maintains the political freedom operating in the system as being recognized in the democratic tenets. Nevertheless, granting political freedom to American populace would expose the system to circumstances that could hinder the growth of the political system (Rosenau 39). Interest groups in a democratic society are the various groups that seek to influence governmental decisions in a way to favor their interest (Ogene 12). They also help in the articulation and aggregation of interest in a way to make the decision-making process less cumbersome for political office holders. In the United States of America, there are different ethnic groups that are present due to their multi-ethnic and interracial background. Freedom of expression as a fundamental principle in a democratic system, allows the public to voice their opinion on various governmental policies.

Living Forever in a Young Body Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Living Forever in a Young Body - Essay Example They fear to lose their life through death. According to me, I will feel comfortable to see an end to aging since there are advantages associated with it. Aging will make it possible for me to have less negativity and high self-esteem: there is a tendency that when an individual becomes older day by day, the negativity will keep on diminishing, and he or she will be in a position of developing high self-esteem. Moreover, aging brings about more positive health. At this point, an individual can establish greater emotional stability that will encourage his or her well-being. As you become of age, the negative emotions, such as sadness and fear happen to be less pronounced. Another great advantage that comes with aging is that one develops brain plasticity (Gottberg, 2014). Nevertheless, I would not like to see an end to aging because of the following reasons: My body is starting to separate and come up short. My vision becomes poor as is the hearing. I can't rest extremely well, and various minor and significant diseases make every day be a great challenge. If I neglected to spare satisfactorily and contribute legitimately, I might end up scratching by every day. What is more, I invested an extraordinary arrangement energy agonizing over my costs; I do not work, and I will need to figure out how to fill the time in my life that was already possessed by work or my profession; When I have a couple of pastimes or intrigues this may be troublesome, and numerous days may appear to be dull and unending.

Core Competency Essay Example for Free

Core Competency Essay Walt Disney once noted: â€Å"I only hope that we don’t lose sight of one thing – that it was all started by a mouse†. (Disney Dreamer, 1998). Walt Disney’s original core competence was cartoons and animated movies. By combining Imagineering with engineering Disney’s company reached unparalleled success with the creation of the first full length animated movie. This success led to new ideas and one of them was to open a park, a different kind of park. In Disneyland Walt used new technology to bring his characters to life. He called them â€Å"Animatronics†. (Magical Kingdoms, July 2008) Together with unique storytelling and high quality of service Walt Disney created a magical environment for his guests which none of the competitors could quite duplicate. It became Walt Disney’s core competency. Disney once said: â€Å"Anything that has the Disney name to it is something we feel responsible for.† (Disney Dreamer, 1998) This competency is driven by superior Disney products and most of all by cast members and their renowned guest service. It’s always been a challenge to keep up with high expectations of the guests. To continue to improve its business Disney has set up new cast member standards in the form of the Basics (Meeting the new standards, December 2007). The new standards expect cast members to create and reinforce â€Å"magical† experience for the guests by being approachable, engaging, and willing to go above and beyond. As the company developed, many new lines of businesses have been added such as retail, media, and sports. The danger has been to overextend and lose track of what the company does best. In order to stay competitive the company had to realign and shifted attention from retail to those which are the cornerstone of the company – intellectual property. To reinforce its animation business Disney purchased Pixar in 2006. In the acquisition statement it read: â€Å"Animation is the foundation upon which the Company was built and for years was a core competency. However, in recent years Disney placed less emphasis on animation and, as such; the Company was not at the forefront of the digital revolution and did not produce many animation movie hits. With Pixar, Disney is now further on the technology curve and can  exploit some synergies in marketing, production, and distribution.† (Walt Disney Company release, January 2006). In 2009 Disney purchased another company, Marvel. This move further enhances Disney’s competitiveness and extended the collection of its characters. (CNN, August 2009). The special strength of the company is diversification. In addition to four parks in the US Disney currently has a park in Europe, plus two parks and one more on the way in Asia. Disney’s largest sales revenue is from media sold outside the US. Disney has its own cruise line with regular operation of two boats and is adding two more in January of 2011. (Cruise Talk, June 2010) Many regular Disney guests own part of the Walt Disney World resort through â€Å"Disney Vacation Club†, the company’s timeshare program. Disney’s tour operation business â€Å"Adventures by Disney† offers guests special tours around the world. (Adventures by Disney, n.d.) Everything the company does carries the special â€Å"Disney touch† – a seal of quality and outstanding service. Though the company has some challenges with the economic downturn, it continues to grow leaning heavily on what the company does best providing â€Å"magical† experiences to guests and consumers. References: Disney Dreamer (1998), Walt Disney Quotes. Retrieved from: http://www.disneydreamer.com/walt/quotes.htm Josh Buchanan, Matthew Covarrubias, James Gills, T.J Lovejoy, Craig Wuollet, Meeting the new Standards (December, 2007), Executive Summary, P. 3 Retrieved from: http://www.slideshare.net/jamesrg6/disneypaperfinal Walt Disney Company release (January, 2006) Comments on Acquisition of Pixar Animation Studios. Retrieved from: http://www.dbrs.com/research/206997/walt-disney-company-the/comments-on-acquisition-of-pixar-animation-studios.html David Goldman (August, 2009), CNN, Disney to buy Marvel for $4 billion Retrieved from: http://money.cnn.com/2009/08/31/news/companies/disney_marvel/index.htm The History of Disney’s Animatronics (July, 2008), Disney Blog at Magical Kingdoms Retrieved from: http://www.magicalkingdoms.com/blog/2008/07/08/the-history-of-disneys-audio-animatronics/ Mr. Papa (June, 2010) Cruise Talk Retrieved from: http://cruisetalk.org/2010/06/disney-cruise-line-adds-final-building-block-to-new-cruise-ship-disney-dream.html Adventures by Disney, Retrieved from: http://abd.disney.go.com/abd/en_US/index?name=HomePage

Analysis of Open and Closed Economies

Analysis of Open and Closed Economies Table of Contents (Jump to) TASK1 1.0 DEFINITION OF OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY 1.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY 1.2 COUNTRY WHO PRACTISE OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY 1.3 CONSUMPTION AMONG OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY 1.4 INVESTMENT AMONG THE OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY 1.5 IMPORT AMONG THE OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY TASK2 2.0 UTILIZE 2.1 WEALTH DISTRIBUTION 2.3 FOUR PRODUCTION FACTORS EFFICIENTLY AMONG WEALTH DISTRIBUTION 2.4 INTRODUCE NEW TECHNOLOGY AMONG WEALTH DISTRIBUTION 2.5 INVESTMENT IN NEWPLANT AND EQUIPMENT AMONG WEALTH DISTRIBUTION 2.6 ENSURE SUFFICIENT DEMAND AND SUPPLY FOR PRODUCTS AMONG WEALTH DISTRIBUTION 3.0 CONCULUSION 4.0 REFERENCES TASK1 1.0 DEFINITION OF OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY An open economy is an economy in which there are economic activities between domestic community and outside, e.g. people, including businesses, can trade in goods and services with other people and businesses in the international community, and flow of funds as investment across the border. Trade can be in the form of managerial exchange, technology transfers, all kinds of goods and services. Although, there are certain exceptions that cannot be exchanged, like, railway services of a country cannot be traded with another to avail this service, a country has to produce its own. This contrasts with a closed economy in which international trade and finance cannot take place. The act of selling goods or services to a foreign country is called exporting. The act of buying goods or services from a foreign country is called importing. Together exporting and importing are collectively called international trade. There are a number of advantages for citizens of a country with an open economy. One primary advantage is that the citizen consumers have a much larger variety of goods and services from which to choose. Additionally, consumers have an opportunity to invest their savings outside of the country. In an open economy, a countrys spending in any given year need not to equal its output of goods and services. A country can spend more money than it produces by borrowing from abroad, or it can spend less than it produces and lend the difference to foreigners. There is no closed economy in todays world. An economy in which no activity is conducted with outside economies. A closed economy is self-sufficient, meaning that no imports are brought in and no exports are sent out. The goal is to provide consumers with everything that they need from within the economys borders. A closed economy is the opposite of an open economy, in which a country will conduct trade with outside regions. 1.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY 1.2 COUNTRY WHO PRACTISE OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY American countries in adopting open economy and free and other trade practices or the United States an open economy is the opposite of a managed economy. It is one that is characteristically market-oriented, with free market policies rather than government-imposed price controls. In an open economy industries tend to be privately owned rather than owned by the government. In the area of international trade an open economy is one whose policies promote free trade over protectionism .On the other hand, a managed or closed economy is characterized by protective tariffs, state-run or nationalized industries, extensive government regulations and price controls, and similar policies indicative of a government-controlled economy. In a managed economy the government typically intervenes to influence the production of goods and services. In an open economy, market forces are allowed to determine production levels. A completely open economy exists only in theory. For example, no country in the world allows unlimited free access to its markets. Most nations have fiscal and monetary policies that attempt to improve their economies. Many economies that are open in some respects may still have government owned, monopolistic industries. A country is considered to have an open economy, however, if its policies allow market forces to determine such matters as production and pricing. 1.3 CONSUMPTION AMONG OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY In a closed economy, all output is sold domestically, and expenditure is divided into three components: consumption, investment, and government purchases. Y = C + I + G an open economy, some output is sold domestically and some is exported to be sold abroad. We can divide expenditure on an open economy’s output Y into four components: Cd, consumption of domestic goods and services, Id, investment in domestic goods and services, good government purchases of domestic goods and services, X, exports of domestic goods and services. The division of expenditure into these components is expressed in the identity. 1.4 INVESTMENT AMONG THE OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY An open economy is one that engages in international exchange of goods, services, and investments. Exports are goods and services sold to buyers outside the country, while imports are those purchased from foreigners. The difference between exports and imports of goods and services is called net exports. When foreign trade is introduced, domestic demand can differ from national output. Domestic demand comprises consumption, investment, and government purchases (C + I + G). To obtain GDP, exports Ex) must be added and imports (Im) subtracted, GDP = C + I + G + X. 1.5 IMPORT AMONG THE OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY The act of selling goods or services to a foreign country is called exporting. The act of buying goods or services from a foreign country is called importing. Together exporting and importing are collectively called international trade. There are a number of advantages for citizens of a country with an open economy. One primary advantage is that the citizen consumers have a much larger variety of goods and services from which to choose. Additionally, consumers have an opportunity to invest their savings outside of the country. TASK2 2.0 UTILIZE Utility, or usefulness, is the ability of something to satisfy needs or wants. Utility is an important concept in economics and game theory, because it represents satisfaction experienced by the consumer of a good. Not coincidentally, a good is something that satisfies human wants and provides utility, for example, to a consumer making a purchase. It was recognized that one cannot directly measure benefit, satisfaction or happiness from a good or service, so instead economists have devised ways of representing and measuring utility in terms of economic choices that can be counted. Economists have attempted to perfect highly abstract methods of comparing utilities by observing and calculating economic choices. In the simplest sense, economists consider utility to be revealed in peoples willingness to pay different amounts for an economic term referring to the total satisfaction received from consuming a good or service. A company that generates transmits and/or distributes electricity , water and/or gas from facilities that it owns and/or operates. 2.1 WEALTH DISTRIBUTION The distribution of wealth is a comparison of the wealth of various members or groups in a society. It differs from the distribution of income in that it looks at the distribution of ownership of the assets in a society; the word wealth is often confused with income. These two terms describe different but related things. Wealth consists of those items of economic value that an individual owns, while income is an inflow of items of economic value (See Stock and flow.) The relation between wealth, income, and expenses is rather than the current income of members of that society. 2.3 FOUR PRODUCTION FACTORS EFFICIENTLY AMONG WEALTH DISTRIBUTION The four factors of production in economics are land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship. In economics, factors of product are the inputs to the production process. Finished goods are the output. Input determines the quantity of output i.e. output depends upon input. Input is the starting point and output is the end point of production process and such input-output relationship is called a production function. There are three basic factors of production: land, labor, capital. Some modern economists also consider entrepreneurship for a factor of production. These factors are also frequently labeled producer goods in order to distinguish them from the goods or services purchased by consumers, which are frequently labeled consumer goods. All three of these are required in combination at a time to produce commodity. In economics, production means creation or an addition of utility. Factors of production (or productive inputs or resources) are any commodities or services used to produce goods or services. Factors of production may also refer specifically to the primary factors, which are stocks including land, labor the ability to work, and capital goods applied to production. Materials and energy are considered as secondary factors in classical economics because they are obtained from land, labor and capital. The primary factors facilitate production but neither become part of the product as with raw materials nor become significantly transformed by the production process as with fuel used to power machinery. Land includes not only the site of production but natural resources above or below the soil. The factor land may, however, for simplification purposes are merged with capital in some case due to land being of little importance in the service sector and manufacturing. Recent usage has distinguished human capital the stock of knowledge in the labor force from labor. Entrepreneurship is also sometimes considered a factor of production. Sometimes the overall state of technology is d escribed as a factor of production. The number and definition of factors varies, depending on theoretical purpose, empirical emphasis, or school of economics. 2.4 INTRODUCE NEW TECHNOLOGY AMONG WEALTH DISTRIBUTION In exchange relations two actors come to an agreement to trade with each other on mutually agreed-upon terms. Something is delivered, and something is expected in return, in a quid pro quo (â€Å"something for something†) relation. In product and labor markets, exchanges typically involve a flow of goods or services from seller to buyer, in return for a monetary payment. The monetary payments in turn create flows of labor and capital income. For example, when customers buy shoes from a mall shoe store, the incomes created include the payment of a wage to the shoe salesperson, rent to the owners of the mall, and profits to the owners of the business. Labor income is compensation received by workers in the form of wages, salaries, and fringe benefits. Capital income includes rents, profits, and interest. (Rent as economists use the term, refers not just to rent for housing, but to payments for the use of any asset). 2.5 INVESTMENT IN NEWPLANT AND EQUIPMENT AMONG WEALTH DISTRIBUTION Distribution of wealth and income, the way in which the wealth and income of a nation are divided among its population, or the way in which the wealth and income of the world are divided among nations. Such patterns of distribution are discerned and studied by various statistical means, all of which are based on data of varying degrees of reliability. Wealth is an accumulated store of possessions and financial claims. It may be given a monetary value if prices can be determined for each of the possessions; this process can be difficult when the possessions are such that they are not likely to be offered for sale. Income is a net total of the flow of payments received in a given time period. Some countries collect statistics on wealth from legally required evaluations of the estates of deceased persons, which may or may not be indicative of what is possessed by the living. In many countries, annual tax statements that measure income provide more or less reliable information. 2.6 ENSURE SUFFICIENT DEMAND AND SUPPLY FOR PRODUCTS AMONG WEALTH DISTRIBUTION Have been described as the most directly observable attributes of goods produced and exchanged in a market economy. The theory of supply and demand is an organizing principle for explaining how prices coordinate the amounts produced and consumed. In microeconomics, it applies to price and output determination for a market with perfect competition, which includes the condition of no buyers or sellers large enough to have price-setting power. For a given market of a commodity, demand is the relation of the quantity that all buyers would be prepared to purchase at each unit price of the good. Demand is often represented by a table or a graph showing price and quantity demanded (as in the figure). Demand theory describes individual consumers as rationally choosing the most preferred quantity of each good, given income, prices, tastes, etc. A term for this is constrained utility maximization (with income and wealth as the constraints on demand). Here, utility refers to the hypothesized relation of each individual consumer for ranking different commodity bundles as more or less preferred. FIGURE 1.2 DEMANDS AND SUPPLY 3.0 CONCULUSION This assignment task one based about open economy and close economy. The task two about utility. The open economy is market economy mostly free trade barriers and where exports and imports form a large percentage of GDP. 4.0 REFERENCES Unknown. Open economy. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_economy. Last accessed 19th JUNE. Unknown. . Close economy. Available: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/closed-economy.asp. Last accessed 19th June 2014. Unknown. Utility. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility. Last accessed 19th June 2014. Unknown. Wealth distribution. Available: http://www. Wealth distribution Last accessed 19th June 2014. Unknown. . Wealth distribution. Available: http://www.wealth distribution. Last accessed 19th June 2014.

Behind The Big Screen Amc Entertainment Marketing Essay

Behind The Big Screen Amc Entertainment Marketing Essay Most companies tend to use technology in order to make improvements and excel in order to gain profit. A lot of places also function completely through technological means. IT is great to use as an advantage as long as everything is kept up to date, and meets the companys needs. It assists with budgeting and operating performance, as well as creates new opportunities with products and services. Without technology, it is hard to keep up with the modern times as most things are now happening electronically. One such company that makes great use of it is AMC Entertainment, which is a very popular movie provider. AMC provides entertainment to the masses through show times at its multiple theatres throughout the US and Canada. Constant work is put into making sure that the best products and services are being offered to customers everywhere. All chains of command work in making sure that everything provided is the most optimal in order to beat all competitors. In order to stay ahead, it is important to analyze strengths and weaknesses, and to acknowledge threats and the opportunities that may lie ahead. Information technology has a certain level of impact on strategy as well, and since it plays a big role with AMC, it therein plays a major role with strategy. AMC has been working hard since the beginning, making sure to constantly advance and stay ahead of competitors. With a rich history of advanced technology from AMC Entertainment, American Multi-Cinema (AMC) has been an industry leader in entertainment. From the first suburban multiplex theatre to the first megaplex theatre, AMC has continued its long tradition of guest service and innovation through products and services that make the entertainment experience more satisfying for millions of guests year in and year out. AMC has over 299 theatres with 4,528 screens in 30 states including the District of Columbia, and four countries outside the United States. Their headquarters are based in Kansas City, Missouri, where it first started in the 1920s. Currently, AMC employs 16,800 employees, in which 800 are employed full-time and 16,000 are employed part-time. AMC recorded revenues of $2,265.5 million dollars during the financial year which ended in April 2, 2009 or FY 2009; there was decrease of 2.9% over FY2008. (Datamonitor 2010) AMC is listed on the FORTUNE 1000 as one of the largest companies in Kansas City. AMC offers guests who arrive for morning screenings the opportunity to see any first-run movie before noon as well as special ticket prices on selected Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays even on holidays. AMC also started the industrys first Guest Loyalty program. This program offers a free membership and rewards customers every time customers go to a movie at any AMC theaters. Another program AMC provides is their Silence is Golden program. This is a proactive national program aimed at providing a distraction-free entertainment environment for all AMC customers inside the auditorium. AMCs Guest First program empowers employees to use the companys philosophy to service customers and to take care of all the customers the best they can. In 2002, AMC introduced the first National Gift Card program, providing a new and exciting way to enjoy the diverse selection of specialty films at many locations across the country, 365 days a year. Although AMC has merged with businesses and other major companies, such as MovieTickets.com and Loews Theatres, it still has many competitors. Among these competitors are the Regal Entertainment Group, Cineplex, National Amusements, and Cinemark Holdings, Inc. Regal Entertainment Group is the number one leader in domestic motion picture exhibition, making AMC come behind (Regal Entertainment Group, 2010). Regal has 6,745 screens in 546 theatres, offering more screens per theatre than the average. They stay ahead by continuing to acquire other theatre groups, which in turn puts more theatres in the states making it possible to increase revenue. Cinemark Holdings Inc is third in the industry and has placed theatres in different countries as well as the U.S, which provides it with one advantage. Cinemark has 423 theatres and 4,884 screens in Latin American and the U.S. (Cinemark, 2010). This includes theatres in Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, and even locations in Taiwan. Cin eplex is a small competitor with AMC as it is a formation of two popular theatres in Canada, its home base, and merged with Loews, which AMC acquired in 2006. Also among AMCs competitors is National Amusements Inc, which is included among the top ten successful theatre companies. Although it is smaller, National is the parent company of both Viacom and CBS Corporation, which have great profit considering these companies include Paramount Communications, MTV Networks, Blockbuster Video, among others (Answers Corporation, 2010). In order to stay ahead and venture forth, it is important for AMC to have great leadership. AMC is a company with 16,800 employees, not including those in higher level employment, and AMC works off of a hierarchical structure (AMC Entertainment, 2010). A hierarchy consists of a group of individuals in charge, and then has those underneath at varying levels. Each level is responsible for handling those duties that are designated to them for the position they are in. AMC has employees in corporate, management, and also as associates in the theatres. With so many theatres throughout the US, it is important to hire management and associates that are able to handle the performance of each, although major responsibility is still directed towards corporate. AMC provides each level of employment with the ability to have appropriate degree of control in order to efficiently run each location. It provides employees with bonuses based on performance, as well as great benefits offering incentives to increasing customer satisfaction, therefore increasing sales. Employees are diverse in background, as well as skills, in order to provide innovation contributing to the success of AMC theatres. Each associate is important in maintaining the day to day tasks associated with operating every facility. The hierarchical structure is further presented by the fact that there is a Board of Directors, CEO, the management the theatre managers go through to get to the corporate headquarters, theatre managers themselves, and then the associates at the theatres as well. It is important that each level contributes to the functioning and success of AMC Entertainment. In order to make sure that AMC is prosperous, it is important to analyze strengths and weaknesses so as to see what should be worked on or pushed further. SWOT analysis is defined as a tool that identifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an organization. Specifically, SWOT is a basic, straightforward model that assesses what an organization can and cannot do as well as its potential opportunities and threats. The method of a SWOT analysis is to take the information from an environmental analysis and separate it into internal strengths and weaknesses, and external issues, opportunities and threats. Once this is completed, a SWOT analysis determines what may assist the firm in accomplishing its objectives, and what obstacles must be overcome or minimized to achieve desired results. (www.Dictionary.com). This past year, AMC has capitalized from their strengths by opening 33 theatres with 476 new screens and have acquired 118 theatres with 1,395 screens. AMC also made a $665 million dollar major investment in improving its theatres from 2005 through 2009. As of April 2009, AMC has operated or held interests in 307 theatres with 4,612 screens, out of which 13 theatres are located outside the US (Datamonitor, 2010). From this, AMC theaters capabilities have enabled them to reach a broader customer base, which have contribute to its revenues. AMC recently purchase the bulk of the Kerasotes theatres creating a theatrical experience that spans over 200 years of business between them. Combining their joint experiences and their matching geographic will allow AMC to maintain the reputation for excellence in guest service that is an integral part of the companys culture. With the AMC experience, you will enjoy new value pricing programs, even more concession choices and cutting edge technolog y that will enhance your movie experience. A weakness that continues to hamper AMC is its lack of exploring international countries such as Canada, the UK, France, and China, leaving AMC to depend on the US market for most of its revenues. By relying on this, it has left AMC with a high debt that burden combined with operating and net losses will make it difficult to meet the increasing interest expenses. Growth in movie industry continues to grow every day. Recently, AMC has seen the opportunity to team up with RealD. RealD is a 3-Dimensional (3D) feature that enables AMC theatres to enhance the customer satisfaction and provide customers with a 3D film experience. Entering into a partnership with RealD, adds 1,500 RealD 3D screens to its theatres throughout the US and Canada. AMC also signed an agreement with Sony Electronics to put install 4K digital cinema projection systems across all its theatres. This upgrade allows AMC theatres to project digital cinema and allows all AMC theatres to serve its customers better. AMC was cited for being non compliant with the ADA, (American Disabilities Act). The Disabilities Act was passed to make accommodations for individuals with disabilities and that new construction or alterations made to commercial facilities conform to accessibility guidelines unless structurally impracticable for new construction or technically infeasible for alterations (Datamonitor 2010). Any further non-compliance issues from the ADA that AMC would face will result in additional expenses to the company which will negatively impact its brand image and operating results. Companies have business models in order to help make decisions that will benefit stakeholders (Applegate, Austin, Soule, 2009). It is important to analyze strategy and capabilities used to accomplish it. Since IT is used with many businesses, it is important to look at the impact it has on both. AMC Entertainment primarily uses technology in order to maintain business. It is important to stay ahead in order to provide great customer satisfaction so customers do not choose other competitors. If AMC kept its technology the same, then customers would be less likely to see movies at AMC theatres, especially with the increasing costs of attending. Why go to a theatre that provides mediocre service and limited concessions? It is important for AMC to include IT in business strategy, in order to maintain revenue and popularity. AMC uses technology primarily in order to advance as it is needed for theatres to remain functioning. Part of strategy, besides acquiring other smaller theatres for new locations, is staying up to date with what wants to be experienced by movie goers. With advancements in technology, the human population has become accustomed to flashes and bright lights, expecting every movie to contain both. Computer animated movies and the very recently popular 3D movies, have created a great importance on image enhancement and sound quality. AMCs core strategy is high in that it aims to increase revenue through updates, new software, and investment put into digital projector systems. The older 35 mm film no longer provides the same excitement as it once did. Along with a clean environment and better concessions, AMC has made sure to create a better viewing experience through precise color and bigger images. Digital projector systems provide color as being more natural in that each mirror is used to depict one pixel moving back and forth reflecting primary colors (Whatis.com, 2005). As mentioned previously, AMC is working with Sony and IMAX to implement these systems into all theatres. Loews is a subsidiary of Sony, and AMC acquired Loews in 2006, having Sony and AMC work together in order to improve technology, especially with sound. Sony is known for its manufacturing of electronics, such as audio and video, and also the information technology it offers. Since it is a leading provider of these products and services it is obvious that the cost is high, it is also apparent, that with this especially, AMC Entertainment is not wary when taking a risk and spending a great deal of money, i.e. $665 million dollars, in order to make improvements. These risks of investment are taken in order to stay competitive and increase revenue, which it has done from $400 million in 1991 to $2.4 billion in 2008 (AMC, 2010). AMC also spends the money in order to merge with different companies o r own part of some, such as MovieTickets.com and Fandango. MovieTickets.com and Fandango were partly acquired in order to increase the customer experience to a satisfactory level. The process of seeing what movies were available and purchasing tickets for those movies became easy and convenient. No longer would customers have to wait in extraordinarily long lines, now they can quickly buy tickets in the convenience of home. This is what is focused on when working on the core capabilities. The process became easier for customers and it was more efficient, and saved time. In this the core capabilities were low as there was a cost to buying a part of these companies, so cost was not necessarily reduced, risk and uncertainty were high, and this was a business opportunity that did end up becoming successful. In viewing the IT impact map below, we see that core capabilities are low and strategy is high. AMC Entertainment merges with companies in order to be innovative and receive and implement ideas from different sources in order to improve proce sses. Cost is noted but when determining the growth that can come from spending, risks are taken. Focus is put on efficiency and rising revenue in order to stay up to date with technology. Money is spent on software and updates, as well as the Digital Manager, in order to maintain a functioning system and stay ahead. Most companies tend to use technology in order to make improvements and excel in order to gain profit. A lot of places also function completely through technological means. IT is great to use as an advantage as long as everything is kept up to date and meets the companys needs. It assists with budgeting and operating performance as well as creating new opportunities with products and services. Without technology, it is hard to keep up with the modern times as most things are now happening electronically. As stated before, AMC is listed on the FORTUNE 1000 largest companies in Kansas City. AMC has provided entertainment to people through show times at its multiple theatres throughout the US and Canada with over 299 theatres with 4,528 screens in 30 states including the District of Columbia. They also have theatres in four countries outside the United States. Their headquarters are based in Kansas City, Missouri, which was first started in the 1920s. Constant work is put into making sure that the best products and services are being offered to customers everywhere. IN 2009, AMC purchase the bulk of the Kerasotes theatres which between them have a combined 200 years of experience. Combining their joint experiences and their matching geographic allows AMC to maintain the reputation for excellence in guest service which is an integral part of the companys culture. All chains of command work in making sure that everything provided is the most optimal in order to beat all competitors. In order to stay ahead, AMC has put into action many new programs that will enhance any one s movie experience. Information technology has a certain level of impact on strategy as well, and since it plays a big role with AMC, it therein plays a major role with strategy. AMC has been working hard since the beginning by making sure to constantly advance and stay ahead of their competitors.

Essay --

Apollo 13 experiences major malfunctions which end up changing the mission from landing on the moon to now just trying to return to earth with all of the crew still alive. This movie illustrates how the leaders can develop a new vision and values, and how the team can come together and collaborate under high stress situations. Their vision changes from landing the astronauts on the moon to just getting the astronauts back to earth safely when there is an unexpected explosion in the service module. Even under a ridiculous amount of pressure, the crew was able to communicate efficiently and use their decision making skills to help solve the problem effectively. Apollo 13 is all about how their team effort and leadership skills come together to overcome what they thought would be a horrifying ending. Gene Kranz who was the flight director and in charge of the mission control team, developed a set of values; discipline, morale, toughness, competence, commitment, and team work to approach the situation. These set of values helped build the chemistry that kept them together during all of the different difficulties that had to face and helped the reach success in the end. For every seemingly impossible situation, Mr. Kranz gives new liveliness and vision to the team by his response always being â€Å"we need to find a way to make it work.† His leadership focuses on path goal theory. During his meetings when they were trying to develop a re-entry plan, he was only worried about making sure they were taking the right steps to bring the astronauts back safely. He explains to his colleagues what the proposals are, considers new thoughts, and is very supportive of everyone’s ideas. He clarifies the main goal and uses his relationship with everyon... ... go well and end safely. Marilyn displays personal integrity when she demands to know what is going on with the mission after she sees the news report on TV. She shows self-confidence when she calls and demands to know what’s going on and is will not hang up until she gets answers. During the whole situation she holds herself together under all of the stress, showing her emotional maturity. Gene Kranz and Jim Lovell are the main people who show how a leader is able to influence and lead the team when an unexpected situation occurs. When they’re having to face issues, conflicts, and achieving goals, making sure that your crew is focused is very important. No matter what pressure or conflict they were dealing with, they were able to make decisions fast and effectively. The leadership and team structure were the main reasons behind the ground team’s incredible work.

Teens And The Media Essay -- essays research papers

Portrayal of Teens in the Media The media, that giant intimidating creation has taken the stereotypes of teens, the way people view teens, and the way we view ourselves, and has turned it into a delusional monster. The media at this point in time portrays teenagers as generally bad. Well to be honest, not generally bad, but mostly horrible. We are seen as the cause for alarm and trouble in society. The media portrays us as manic delinquents with no solid past and no concrete future. The main points of teenagers that are warped into a lie are appearance and generalization of actions. The media spreads the idea that just because some teens choose to get more piercing done, or a tattoo, or decide to get a different hair color that it is somehow related to a dysfunctional sector of society. People have to realize that the adolescent/teenager portion of ones life is a time of self realization and expression. Teens are just finding these things as outlets for emotion and expression. The media uses these things and utilizes them in a sort of campaign to portray us as bad and untrusting. Teens are not only portrayed as delinquents but also as disloyal, jobless, untrusting monsters. The media causes the public following to assume that all teenagers are bad and immoral just because of a few that have done things wrong. And even when a teen does something wrong, that too is sensationalized. We do not generalize that all adults are killers and rapists just because a few have chosen...

The Theme of Death in Emily Dickinson’s Poems

Emily Dickinson is one of the famous and fabulous female poets in the world. Her poems, for all their innovative brilliance, are nonetheless outpourings of her private feelings. And just like her great masterpieces, her enigmatic character will never fall into oblivion. Emily Dickinson’s poetry has been the focus of researchers, such as nature ,love and death. But one fourth of her poetry is about the theme of death. Obviously, death is her most beloving theme of her poems. Death is always the endearing topic of many artists and philosophers. While in Emily's eyes, death is different from others. In her eyes, death is not dead, death is beautiful , fantastic and mystical which most of us couldn't understand and imagine. So we want to probe into the inner world of Emily Dickinson. We want to figure out the reason why Emily could imagine death in that unique and unprecedented way. We also want to get some new understanding about life and death through her works for we really need to keep a positive, lucid and quiet mind in secular society. Death is the eternal theme during our whole life. If life is a river, it's always a river of death. Death is inevitable for all of us from the moment we come to this world. Death is following us like a shadow. , invisible but existing. Death is so important that only we get full knowledge of death can we live a better and meaningful life.

Josephine Baker: Racial Refugee Comes Home

One hundred years ago a star was born, but its light, like that of real stars, took many years to reach us. Josephine Baker, dancer, actress and singer, shone on the stages of France long before she was accepted here in her native country. Having escaped from the poverty of her early childhood, Baker became a legendary performer in France only to be dismissed by American audiences of the 30s. Her story, fortunately, does not end there, as the changing social climate led to Baker’s eventual return and her efforts in the civil rights movement.Though it took decades, the â€Å"Black Venus† finally claimed her place in the history of American entertainers. Baker’s early family life was a world away from the life of glamour she was to later lead in France. Born Freda Josephine McDonald in St. Louis, Missouri in 1906, Baker was subjected to the racial prejudices of the times as a result of her mixed Native American and African-American origin. Sources vary on the ident ity of Baker’s father, but the official version lists Eddie Carson, a vaudeville drummer, and Carrie McDonald, a â€Å"washerwoman,† as Baker’s parents.As an infant, Josephine was taken by her mother to winerooms and vaudeville houses where her father performed (Haney 1981, p. 6). St. Louis had an important music scene at the time, and this certainly had quite an impact on the young Freda. Carson soon abandoned mother and child, and Baker’s mother married another man, Arthur Martin, with whom she bore a son and two more daughters. Martin, often unemployed, could not support the household, and so Baker’s childhood was spent cleaning, babysitting and waitressing.Baker describes working for the â€Å"Mistress,† a wealthy white woman, in her autobiography, where she was required to get up at five in the morning (Baker and Bouillon 1977, p. 3): â€Å"There was coal to fetch, the stove to stoke, chamber pots and spittoons to empty, bed to make wo od to cut, the kitchen clean. † She did manage to go to school, but then worked after school as well, sleeping in the Mistress’s cellar at night. Baker was only seven years old. Haney (1981, p.10) suggests that Josephine’s mother harbored resentment against her daughter, blaming her for the loss of Carson; perhaps this, along with the family’s poverty, explains why Carrie McDonald sent her daughter to the Mistress. Josephine finally returned home after the Mistress was arrested for physically abusing her, but Josephine wound up living much of the time with her grandmother and aunt as her relationship with her mother deteriorated even further. Baker’s feelings for the country of her birth were always to be influenced by the experiences of her youth in Missouri.In her autobiography, she recounts the story of seeing her neighborhood go up in flames and seeing a black man beaten when whites decided to avenge the alleged rape of a white woman in July of 1917. Upon leaving her house to find the conflagration, Baker said she thought she was looking at the Apocalypse (1977, p. 2). Jean-Claude Baker and Chase (1993, p. 30) reject Baker’s claim to have witnessed the St. Louis race riots, arguing that she only learned the story later from others. In any case, such an event was to leave a lasting impression on Josephine.Not surprisingly, she was to leave St. Louis at a young age in search of a more promising future. In Josephine’s youth, a brighter future was not available to her through education – she could only escape through marriage. At the age of only 13, Josephine married Willie Wells, a man more than twice her age (Baker and Chase 1993, p. 36). The marriage was illegal and short-lived (to be followed by five more marriages over the years), and Josephine was destined to return to her mother’s house. Her true escape came when she joined the St. Louis Chorus line, where she was an instant hit.Baker was soo n touring with vaudeville troops, performing skits. Though audiences loved Josephine, she faced racism in town after town, where she faced the Ku Klux Klan and segregation (Haney 1981, p. 29). Baker continued her rise to stardom, though, when in 1921 she landed a role in the Broadway production of Shuffle Along, despite original concerns that she was too dark for the part. As the show became a hit, Josephine made an enormous salary for the time. When the production came to St. Louis, Josephine performed before a mixed audience, but the blacks were restricted to the balcony seating.Josephine’s biological father, Eddie Carson, reportedly showed up to ask to be hired for the show, only to be rejected (Haney (1981, p. 39). Baker followed up her success with a role in The Chocolate Dandies in 1924 and became a legend in connection with the Harlem Renaissance in 1925 at The Plantation Club. The real turning point came later in 1925, though, when Baker made her debut in Paris with J oe Alex and the Danse Sauvage in La Revue Negre at the Theatre des Champs-Elysees. The audience loved Baker, who danced wearing only a feather skirt.From there, she went on to tour Europe and eventually star in La Follie du Jour at the Follies-Begere, often appearing with her pet leopard and dancing in a skirt made of bananas. She was to star in two movies, ZouZou and Princess Tam-Tam in the mid-thirties, by which time she was one of the highest paid entertainers in Europe (Official Site). In 1936, though, Baker was to be forcefully reminded of the barriers African-Americans were facing in her native country when she returned to the United States to star in the Ziegfield Follies.Unpopular with American audiences and critics, Baker was eventually replaced by Gypsy Rose Lee. In fact, Josephine met the realities of American racism as soon as she got off the boat from France, as she was refused a room in several New York hotels because of her color. Miki Sawada, Baker’s maid at t he time, was with her and described what happened (Baker and Chase 1993, p. 191): â€Å"I could not believe this could be the same woman I had seen in Europe, standing triumphant on the stage, showered with flowers.Here she was huddled before me on the floor, weeping. † In publicity photos for the production, Baker was lit so that she would appear lighter. She wrote to a friend, â€Å"†¦be assured, if I want to make a telephone call in the street, I’m still a negresse† (Baker and Chase 1993, p. 196). After the newspaper critics panned her performances, the show closed and Baker returned to France. Despite her experience in the thirties, Baker returned to America in the fifties and sixties to work to advance civil rights for people of color.The most famous instance occurred when Baker worked with the NAACP to protest segregation at The Stork Club. Animosity brewed as a result between Baker and gossip columnist Walter Winchell, which led to Baker’s nam e being tainted in the Red Scare of the McCarthy era. Baker found other ways to combat racism as well, adopting twelve multiethnic children who came to be known as the â€Å"Rainbow Tribe. † The first of her children, a son, was an â€Å"occupation† baby, a baby of mixed Japanese and Western race from Tokyo.Other adoptees hailed from Finland, Columbia, Canada and Israel (Baker and Bouillon 1977, p. 192-196). By the time of her death in 1975, Josephine Baker had accomplished more in her lifetime than anyone could possibly have imagined was possible for an African-American woman born at the beginning of the century. Not only did Baker manage to overcome the poverty and social limitations of her youth, she emerged as legendary entertainer, a champion of civil rights and a mother to so many who came from homes and situations as bleak as her own had been.Despite the many occasions on which her fellow Americans rejected her, Baker never gave up on her homeland and used her e xperiences as motivation to work toward a better society. The spate of biographies and the documentary of her life that have sprung up in the last two decades are a sign of the changing social climate and racial relations in America, as well as a sign of the longevity of Baker’s legacy. Bibliography Baker, J.and Bouillon, J. (1977) Jospehine. New York, Harper & Row Publishers. Baker, J. C. and Chase, C. (1993) Josephine: The Hungry Heart New York. Random House. Biography. Available from: The Official Site of Josephine Baker, Josephine Baker Estate c/o CMG Worldwide [Accessed 19 October 2006]. Haney, L. (1981) Naked at the Feast: A Biography of Josephine Baker. New York, Dodd, Mead & Company.

Job satisfaction in an mnc

IntroductionJob satisfaction is an of import subject to cover with in the relation of human resource direction. The of import function of human resource revolves around the chief facet of supplying the occupation satisfaction to the employees. Assorted economic experts have mentioned the occupation satisfaction in different ways because of its different behavior. In my research, this is the cardinal subject to be discussed and I will seek to heighten the points to be considered while doing the policies for a occupation for any peculiar employee. Job satisfaction is one of the most widely discussed and enthusiastically studied concepts. However, occupation satisfaction is among the most hard concepts to specify. The assorted definitions of occupation satisfaction make it clear that different research workers have different sentiments about occupation satisfaction. Harmonizing to Wood ( 1973 ) , occupation satisfaction is the status of contentment with one ‘s work and its environment, denoting a positive attitude. Locke ( 1976 ) stated that occupation satisfaction could be viewed as a â€Å"pleasurable or positive emotional province ensuing from the assessment of one ‘s occupation or occupation experiences.† Other pointed out that occupation satisfaction was merely a map of the grade to which a occupation provided the worker with positively values results. Wanous ( 1980 ) said that occupation satisfaction was a lucifer between a individual ‘s demand and the support received from work performed in an organisation. Job satisfaction signifiers an built-in constituent of the complex system of overall satisfaction. Fixing the preset characteristics of occupation satisfaction is a cardinal aim of any HR policy. The HR executives are responsible for accomplishing those policies and therefore, taking the growing in the company along with the occupation satisfaction.The Purpose of the StudyThe intent to take this subject is to analyse the importance of occupation satisfaction in Multi National Companies ( MNCs ) . The ground to travel for MNCs is the addition in the displacement over of the employees for future growing. The shifting, therefore, includes the satisfaction in the given occupation function. Through my research, I will seek to analyse the causes and consequence relationship between the employee and the factors behind occupation satisfaction in a given MNC.Aim of the StudyThe chief purpose of the survey is to look into the remains taking to negative and positive occupation satisfaction in a MNC.The Aims of the StudyThe cardinal aims of the chosen subject are:Estimating the causes of employee attitudes.Declaring the consequences of positive or negative occupation satisfactionMeasuring the employee attitudeTo measure facet-specific degrees of occupation satisfactionTo mensurate general occupation satisfaction,Literature ReviewThere are several grounds for analyzing occupation satisfaction. Organizations step occupation satisfaction primary because of its presumed direct relationship to the short-run ends of cost decrease through increased single productiveness and decreased absenteeism, mistakes, and dissatisfaction have been found to be related to occupation turnover, absenteeism and tardiness. Employee turnover rates have been the most restraints step associated with occupation satisfaction ( Atchison & A ; Lofferts, 1972 ; Brayfield & A ; Crockett, 1955l Dawis & A ; Lofquist, 1981 ) . Mowday ( 1984 ) recapitulate the likely pessimistic significance of employee turnover in footings of the impact on organisations. There are assorted impacts of pessimism in occupation satisfaction on the turnover of the company such as:Addition in the enlisting cost.Enrolling new employees and so developing them every bit good.It can take to reduced societal dealingss ships among employees.No or merely few public dealingss.Decrease in company ‘s chances which can halter the growing.Harmonizing to Lawler ( 2005 ) , â€Å"the research grounds clearly shows that employees ‘ determinations about whether they will acquire to work on any given twenty-four hours and whether they will discontinue are effected by their feelings of occupation satisfaction. The fact that present satisfacti on influences future absenteeism and turnover clearly indicates the causal way is from satisfaction to behavior† . There is a correlativity between occupation satisfaction and variables such as accomplishment, acknowledgment, the work itself, duty, advancement, policy and disposal, working conditions, supervising, occupation activities and gender.Research MethodologySaunders et Al ( 2005 ) â€Å"Research design is the agreement of conditions for aggregation and analysis of informations in a mode that aims to unite relevancy to the research intent with economic system in procedure† . The research to be followed is a bit-by-bit procedure. This makes the full research procedure systematic. Merely primary research shall be used to pull illations. The beginnings used shall be of international reputation and will be trusty. The chief beginning will be instance survey and besides some books, diaries, articles and publications including Internet beginnings.Mentions:Adams, J. S. ( 1963 ) . Toward an apprehension of unfairness. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67 ( 5 ) , 422-436.Bedeian, A. G. , Ferris, G. R. , & A ; Kacmear, K. M. ( 1992, February ) . Age, term of office, and occupation satisfaction: A narrative of two positions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 33-48.Brayfield, A. H. , & A ; Crockett, W. H. ( 1955 ) . Employee attitudes and employee public presentation. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 396-424.Bruce, W. M. , & A ; Blackburn, J. W. ( 1992 ) . Balancing occupation satisfaction and public presentation. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.Carrell, M. , & A ; Elb ert, N. ( 1974 ) . Some personal and organisational determiners of occupation satisfaction of postal clerks. Academy of Management Journal, 17 ( 2 ) , 368-373.Cherrington, D. , Nyal, D. , & A ; McMullin, B. ( 1989 ) . Organizational behaviour. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.Cook, J. D. , Hepworth, S. J. , Wall, T. D. , & A ; Warr, P. B. ( 1981 ) . The experience of work: A collection and reappraisal of 249 steps and their usage. New York: Academic Press, Inc.Cranny, C. J. , Smith, P. C. , & A ; Stone, E. F. ( 1992 ) . Job satisfaction: How people feel about their occupations and how it affects their public presentation. New York: Lexington Books.Fisher, C. D. ( 1980 ) . On the doubtful wisdom of anticipating occupation satisfaction to correlate with public presentation. Academy of Management Review, 5 ( 4 ) , 607-612.Gable, R. K. , & A ; Wolf, M. B. ( 1993 ) . Instrument development in the affectional sphere ( 2nd ed. ) . Norwell, MA: Kluver Academic Publishers.Glisson, C. , & A ; Durick, M. ( 1988 ) . Forecasters of occupation satisfaction and organisational committedness in human service organisations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33 ( 1 ) , 61-81.Golding, J. , Resnick, A. , & A ; Crosky, F. ( 1983 ) . Work satisfaction as a map of gender and occupation position. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60 ( 3 ) , 313-317.Grau, M. R. ( 1997 ) . An probe of the job-related stressors of section presidents in a selected community college system. ( Doctoral Dissertation, Texas Southern University, 1997 ) . Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 3379.Gruneberg, M. M. ( 1979 ) . Understanding occupation satisfaction. New York: The Macmillan Press, Ltd.Hackman, J. R. , & A ; Oldham, G. R. ( 1975 ) . Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60 ( 2 ) , 159-170 Applied Psychology, 49 ( 3 ) , 209-216.Hulin, C. L. , & A ; Smith, P. C. ( 1964 ) . Sexual activity differences in occupation satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 48 ( 2 ) , 88-92.