Office Equipment and Machines

Office work must always be done with good accuracy to ensure quality of the work output. In this case, machines have been of great help to offices in doing much more work at great speed. Every day, different types of machines are used in an office to help workers in their specific tasks. A basic definition of a machine is that it is an instrument to aide in performing a particular task; from the small calculator to the computers, these are all considered machines. Office equipment are consist of different types of machines that aide the workers in doing their job. These machines have different types of classification according to their functions. There are machines that are used for communication, recording, duplicating, etc. Each type of machine does different jobs in order to make the task much easier and for the workers to be able to finish it within a small period of time. Machines such as computers are also needed for keeping records of transactions for future use or basis. Saving files in a computer nowadays are more convenient and a lot easier than putting them in folders and boxes. Today, computers are the most common machine seen within an office. This is because computers can do many functions at once. Machines are believed to function better than a human worker. This is why offices often choose to obtain more machines than to hire more workers. This lessens the employment in some offices. It is true that machines have a great benefit in doing work within an office. But a machine is a mere aide or a tool for the completion of task. Human intervention is still needed in order for these machines to function well. II. Body. Workers need equipment for doing their daily job in the office. These equipment serve as tools in doing their tasks. These are commonly seen on a workers desk, drawers and cabinets. Basic equipment would be; pen, paper, scissors, pins, clips, staplers, and the like. Other equipment in the office are used in presenting, analyzing, storing, receiving/sending, recording, and duplicating and even accounting of data. These are the equipment that have more complex functions than the basic equipment. The computer is a machine that does all of these functions. It is the most convenient type of machine in an office. But although it has the most capabilities, other machines are still deemed to be useful in most situations. For example, you can send e-mails through a computer. This is a type of communication. In some cases, you can also make an outgoing or receive and incoming call with a computer. But since the majority of offices use the land-line or the telephone, it would be convenient to use the latter than that of the former. Another example, printing files are possible with a computer. But to duplicate these files, a photocopier is much faster and an ink-saver in duplicating documents. The office is consists of these various types of equipment. With different functions, they tend to work best with proper handling by an operator/worker. Machines were made by humans in order to help them in their task, not to replace human workers in an office. These machines, like the basic equipment, are just tools that are to be used by people to hasten their work and to improve its quality and quantity. III. Conclusion Office Equipment are aide in maximizing the quality and quantity of an output. And it works best when it is in a good condition. These equipment are still dependable to human for repairs and preservation. Office equipment and machines are useless without human interventions. They would simply be tools if there are no operators controlling/using it. Although it is easier to control a machine than that of a human worker, we should also consider that this is because man is the most complex machine. Man is capable of more things that a computer is able to do. This led to creation of machines which would help in accomplishing tasks or goals.

My First Car gave me a wealth of experiences

In the life of each American, one of the important points that symbol coming of age is the purchase of the first vehicle. This car becomes the starting points of one’s adulthood, giving one the freedom to move around, pick up friends, and expanding the boundaries of one’s environment. My first car gave me a wealth of experiences, most of them connected with pleasant memories. It was a used Fleetwood Cadillac. Although not the most luxurious car one can dream of because of its age, it was a faithful and nice-looking companion that took me to a lot of interesting places. The car was of 1992 make, the last year when Cadillac produced Generation IV Fleetwoods. It was a four-door sedan with an FF C-body platform. My model had a 4.5 L HT-4500 V8 engine, not bad for the time and indicating that it was a luxury car. At the time when it was produced, it was a bargain compared to other luxury cars, especially those of the European make. Today, however, it does not seem as good as other models that are newer and more advanced from the technological point of view. When I got it, however, it was about six years old and still could run for a few more years. I had relatively little problem with repairs, except one time when I ran into an accident through my own folly. Faithful, as I said before, meant to me that I could safely use it for a long time without going too much to the shop, something that frustrates me as it takes up a lot of time. The look was good, too, and the interior felt comfortable. The car was spacious, and this is what I prefer about automobiles that I drive. A car can be elegant and stylish, but if it is too small and friends are crowded when a bunch of four gets inside, it is too small for my tastes. My Fleetwood Cadillac could pick up a crowd of four or even five friends and roar us off to a party or wherever we wanted to go, and everybody was comfortable and enjoying the ride. The inside had been renovated just before I bought it, so I did not have to worry about it. It was done in hushed up, beige and white colors, reassuring without being provocative. The gamut also gave the car a feeling of style and elegance and even underscored its luxury format. This car was with me for three years. It took me to dates, to parties, to school, and later to college. I liked it partly because people liked it – they liked to see me drive by in a good-looking, long vehicle with slightly tinted windows and a shapely form. In a year, I has my Cadillac painted beige, the color that increased the look of elegance. It still looked and felt relatively new, which was why I was reluctant to change it. Being with one car for several years somehow gave me a sense of stability at a time when my life was experiencing sharp swings that are so naturally associated with young age. In a drastic change of environments as I switched from school to college, the car remained with me as a manifestation of my commitment to an old friend. It also saw me through a series of rapid changes in my love life and a string of meetings and partings. Every day, I felt safe knowing that I would open the garage doors and slip into my old friend, starting off to the challenges of this day. A year later, my parents decided to make me a present for my birthday, choosing a newer Toyota model for me. I was excited about their decision as I felt that sooner or later I would have to replace my Cadillac, but at the same time the feeling of departure from my long-time companion saddened me quite a bit. I was able to sell it at a good price, but somehow I still miss its feeling of space and comfort that engulfed me the moment I got inside. To me, this car came to mean my high school and student youth, and I can still see it in the pictures we took at that time. A faithful friend and a good comrade, it was with me in an important period of my life, taking me places and broadening the scope of my experience.

Halifax Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Halifax Analysis - Essay Example The service delivery method deployed by Halifax is strongly related to the company's ability to promote and execute to customer needs through professional E-business at http://www.halifax.co.uk/home/index.shtml. This allows the bank to run literally twenty-four hours per day year round. The benefits of this service delivery are the continuity of service, however the detriment may be found in genuine customer service and person to person contact. The professional service deliver for online banking is in high demand. In the long run, there will always be demand for credit cards, mortgages business loans or insurance in one form or another. Financial services are the backbone of our economy and will continue to be for years to come (Davies 1992). Because diversified financials offer such a wide range of products, they are able position their companies to tap changing demand for different products (Davies 1992). World population is continuing to expand at an exponential rate. It is important for companies within the industry position themselves in developing countries to take advantage of exploding populations, especially in emerging countries (Davies 1992). The degree of customer interaction for online banking is low. ... Several online banks also offer 'click to chat' options which allow an online customer to 'chat' with a professional banker. This is not an option available with Halifax. ). Technological innovation has allowed financial companies to automate time and labour intensive processes and enhance their ability to match up borrowers and lenders, regardless of geographic location (Gardener 1988). While Halifax has reached several components of innovative technology by the development of 24-7 online banking, they are severely lacking in the degree of viable customer interactions. Degree of Service Customisation The degree of service customisation is relatively high. Halifax has developed specialised services through online banking for the purpose of gaining new customers and retaining current customers (McDonald 2002). In the degree of customised services, Halifax offers diverse and multiple professional banking services. Expectations are commonly defined as "beliefs about a product that serve as standards or reference points against which product [or service] performance is judged" (Zeithaml et al. 1993, p. 1). To this, Halifax responds by offering direct and easy to navigate professional services. There are icons for nearly all-banking needs that the customer can easily navigate based on their requirements. Halifax also boasts that it will assist the customer in 'switching' banks, which customises the professional service towards new customers. Nature of Service Act The nature of the professional service is strongly E-business The service side concentrates mainly on providing services to the customer. Halifax's customer care section plays an important role on deciding if the company and should be

Globalisation and International Relations Essay

Globalisation and International Relations - Essay Example Considering theoretical perspectives, Anievas (2005) discusses theories of IR and goes into the detail pf Habermasian social theory to understand the practical implications of such a theory considering discourse ethics and communicative action. Anievas suggests that the contradictory nature of international relations and its relation to globalisation perspectives could be understood within the Habermasian context and the constructivist approaches to IR also have more socially oriented applications of the Habermasian framework (Anievas, 2005). Habermas emphasized on the importance of the public sphere, and the need for a political community transcending nation state on ethnic and cultural similarities for a community based on equal rights and democracy. Thus the Habermasian framework could be applied within socialisation perspectives to explain globalisation as a phenomenon which transcends cultural or ethnic boundaries for equality at all levels. Discussing on the role of foreign pol icy practised by the global powers, as the United States, Mabee (2004) suggests that the US foreign policy is defined and explained in terms of imperialism and the notion of an empire. Mabee points out that the US as an empire probably conveys deeper meaning to the process of foreign policy and US domination than the concept of US as an imperial republic. According to Mabee, the notion of imperialism would suggest the dynamics of power and coercion that seem to be a part of an anarchic international system. Imperialism and globalisation has a direct relationship with certain interpretations of globalisation being focused on the influence or hegemony of one culture especially western culture on the other more oriental cultures (Mabee, 2004). There are other theoretical alternatives, such as the constructivist approach to globalisation, and Palan (2004) suggests that constructivism in international relations has a string link with

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 15

Leadership - Essay Example apart from the traditional challenges of motivating and developing the workforce, supporting growth and development within the organization and guiding the organization in the right direction even in situations of crisis and contingency. This project aims at discussing an important challenges faced by the 21st century leadership. The report includes an identification of a significant challenge for leadership. The specific challenge selected for the paper is the management of a mobile and diverse workforce. The report includes an overview of leadership followed by a discussion of diversity as a main global challenge in leadership and the need for diversity management in all kinds of locally and internationally functioning organizations. A section encompassing the discussion of the diversity management outlook in the next five years is also included. A case of diversity management through leadership in IBM is used as a real life example to demonstrate the leadership functions related to diversity management within an organization. The report is suitably concluded by summarising the main findings from the overall discussion of the different perspectives of diversity management as a challenge to leadership in organizati ons. The functions of a modern day leader are multifaceted and more complex than those defined as per the norms of traditional leadership. The aspect of leadership within a modern organization includes a consideration of both the complexities and issues within and outside the organization. Inside an organization, leadership involves the management of the workforce, in which they have to create, motivate and lead a heterogeneous and mobile group of people, achieve organizational growth, improve individual and organizational efficiency levels as well as work across the boundaries of the organization (Gentry and Leslie, 2012). Also, from the

Statistics on Aging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Statistics on Aging - Essay Example The other statistics indicate that the population of the older generation continues and will continue to increase for both male and female even though the females are at a higher percentage than the males (Administration on Aging, 1900-2050). The increase in the number of older generation in the years to come mean that there should also be an increase in the number of nurses involved in population-based nursing. This is important because the old people will need attention and the work will be more hence requiring more nursing assistance. More nurses need to be recruited in this program before it is too late. The other health statistic implies that the population-based nursing is already yielding fruits on the older generation aged over 60 years as they are paying more attention to their health and they care about primary rather than tertiary prevention and treatment. Whatever advice the population-based nurses are giving this older generation should continue because it is working (Curley and Vitale,

A Practical Approach to Overcoming the Omnivore Essay

A Practical Approach to Overcoming the Omnivore - Essay Example The result is that Americans have many choices of processed foods, but they are mostly based on the same crop (corn) resulting in the "omnivores dilemma". But what are the alternatives to a diet of mass-produced food? Does not have to become a hunter or gatherer to resolve the omnivore’s dilemma? With conscious choices and determination to find the origins of one’s food, one can overcome the omnivore’s dilemma and eat a balanced diet. The thesis that Pollan has posed in his book is "we eat by the grace of nature, not industry, and what were eating is never anything more or less than the body of the world" (Pollan 411). It means that we eat because we need to exist as part of nature, and whatever we eat comes from nature. However, if that had been the case, America would not have been faced with the omnivore’s dilemma. Burgers, soda and ice cream are all mass produced in America. It is difficult to distinguish the natural sources of these foods. Pollan describes an American meal as "the myriad streams of commodity corn, after being variously processed and turned into meat, converge... at KFC or Pizza Hut or Applebees" (Pollan 109). To meet this challenge, Pollan has decided to investigate a meal he has prepared for a group of people and discovered that it is not just industrialization that is on trial. The food producing chain of various farms and industries, to the supermarkets that sell them and the media that airs so-called intelligent nutritional wisdom, all influence the way Americans perceive food. Pollan is of the view that the average American largely depends on fast food for meals and does not care where that food comes from. People eat Subway’s salads because the company markets them as healthy. People eat McDonald’s meals because they are convenient. But what guarantees do people have that the ingredients of these meals come from ethical, healthy or

Domtar Business Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Domtar Business Analysis - Research Paper Example Domtar has exhibited excellent cash flow over the last few years. The cash flow is anticipated to rise to an average of 9% in the next one year. Domtar’s income has been declining considerably though is still considered to be performing well as compared to other companies in the same industry. Domtar Products Domtar specializes in a wide range of fiber-based products. The products include digital printing papers, specialty papers, EarthChoice papers, publishing papers, commercial printing papers, Business papers, as well as office papers. It is currently planning to start manufacturing packaging papers. Additionally, Domtar engages in the manufacture of paper grade, lumber, wood products, in addition to specialty pulp. Domtar sells its products to a wide range of customers such as merchants, retailers, printers, converters, publishers, as well as end users. Domtar sells its product within Canada, North America and exports to other regions of the world such as United State, whi ch is one of the main customers (Ivara, 2012) Domtar’s Financial Health Financially, Domtar has been performing considerably well. It is considered the second largest paper industry in the world in terms of financial standings. In the financial statement issued on July 27, 2012, which showed the financial performance for the second quarter of 2012, the report showed the considerable decline from that of the previous year. The company reported an operating income of $106 million. Although this was excellent compared to other companies in the same industry, it was, however, a decline from $ 109 million reported in the first quarter for the year 2012. The decline was attributed to increased maintenance costs in addition to reduced shipments for pulp as well as paper. However, the market prices had increased considerably which helped offset the losses, which could have been higher. However, Domtar is anticipating worse times in the third quarter due to the challenges facing the p ulp markets such as the declining demand for both paper and pulp shipments. Domtar management is planning to counteract the anticipated losses by converting the less needed communication paper to Specialty as well as packaging papers, which are still in higher demands. Additionally, Domtar hopes to increase the prices of pulp (Domtar, 2012). The cash flow from functioning activities amounted to about $30 million in the first quarter of 2011. The capital expenditures were approximately $29 million. By March 31, 2012, which marked the end of the first quarter of 2012, Domtar paid $47 million for outstanding premiums and recorded a free cash flow amounting to $48 million. This demonstrates strong cash flow. Additionally, Domtar’s cash flow is expected to average improve further in the future. Domtar’s stock price has outdone the benchmark in the first quarter of 2012. Investors are expected to increase their shareholdings. Additionally, the shares are expected to continue exchanging at bargain basement levels (Domtar, 2012). Any company has the main goal of increasing the value for the shareholders.  Ã‚  

Where The Five Functional Areas Of Network Management (FCAPS) Are Not Essay

Where The Five Functional Areas Of Network Management (FCAPS) Are Not Adhered To - Essay Example They also have committed to provide business to the tune of 100 seats in the next two year. The organisation also wants to setup offices across many cities out of US. Presently the system of the company x is not good enough to cater the needs of the customers and the company x is also facing some problems because it has not implemented the OSI application functions namely, fault, configuration Accounting performance and security management. Due to this the present system of networking management is facing the following problems: First the fault management in the company x is not working properly i.e. not providing clear and correct report about the incident/fault which has occurred and therefore the problem arises about identifying the fault and its source. In this way the system cannot priorities the fault, which has occurred and cannot be able to restore services on time and properly. Some Hardware faults to be handled instantaneously through replacement to restore services cannot be attended immediately. Due to fault in network, a user is immediately affected and the better services could not be provided to the users. The most common and serious problems of networks are connectivity failure, which are in the category of fault management. The network failure is caused more often by a node failure than by failure of passive links. When this happens all downstream systems from the interface are inaccessible. Such failures are associated with the network interface card, which needs replacement. The nod failures manifest as connectivity failures to the user. Another cause of network connectivity failure is procedural but very common. Network connectivity is based on IP address, which is a logical address assigned by the network administrator. The IP address in uniquely associated with a physical MAC address of network component. However mistakes are made in assigning duplicate IP addresses, especially in an enterprise environment with many system administrators. A host or system interface problem is a shared medium can bring the entire segment down. It becomes nightmare for the network manager to isola te problem without causing interruption is services. The intermittent problem could also occur as a result traffic overload, which would cause packets to be lost. Sometimes the management system indicates failure, when in actuality data traffic is flowing normally. Power hits could reset network component configuration, causing network failure. The network has a permanent configuration (default) and a dynamic configuration (runtime) and thus a performance problem could manifest as a network delay. The company is using LAN networking system, which is not sufficient for the organization. Because of connection through wires / cables and switches, it is not useful. So without proper network connecting Architecture, Company is facing lots of problems. Due to circuit - switch connection security of data and information has always been at stake. Security conscious clients always looking for more security proof network. Security plays a crucial role in deciding network architectures. Due to multiple servers at single location cannot fulfill the requirement of the organisation. Organisation had a network having lesser bandwidth and this creates lots of problem. The network used at a time by number of concurrent users for various applications and which takes longer response time and at times posting websites will be more than that of an organisation processing manufacturing orders. (Also the cost of the LAN system where

B-Galactosidase Enzyme Activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

B-Galactosidase Enzyme Activities - Essay Example The ideas on the regulation of protein synthesis in bacteria have mainly arisen from the studies of Perse Monod on the induced synthesis of B-galactosidase in E.coli. It resulted in the discovery of regulatory events to the transcription of DNA and the assemblage of functionally related genes into clusters called operons. The specific mechanisms exist to regulate the levels of expression in the cell. The regulation may be as a result of transcription, translation or messenger RNA stability. In this experiment, there is the regulation of transcription of bacterial genes that are either inducible or repressible enzyme systems. In induced enzymes, there is the breakdown of complex molecules for example lactose induces synthesis of the proteins B-galactosidase, galactose permease and thiogalactoside transacetylase in E.coli. The b-galactosidase enzyme found in E.coli is an example of an inducible enzyme. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of a wide variety of B-galactosides such as lactose into its constituent substances There was of sharing of the reagents labeled control and lactose (L) flask. It was vital that the lactose does not enter the control bottle. Separate, a labeled pipette was reserved to make an addition to, or to sample from the flask. Time was an important factor and lactose was timed at zero time, ninety minutes, hundred and twenty and one hundred and eighty minutes up to two hundred and forty minutes. From there, sampling procedure included. At the appropriate time, 3ml aliquots were removed from both control(C), and lactose (L) culture and further 0.5mL aliquots from lactose (L) culture placed in a plastic centrifuge tube. Dilution of 0.5mL aliquot one in five by adding 2ml of culture medium was done and labeled the cell L/5. (Michael & Nelson. 2008)

How Cleanliness and Sense of Beauty Influence the Life of an Individual Essay Example for Free

How Cleanliness and Sense of Beauty Influence the Life of an Individual Essay How cleanliness and sense of beauty can influence the life of an individual Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt, and the process of achieving and maintaining that state. First of all, we should maintain good oral hygiene. We should brush our teeth twice daily, in the morning and after dinner. We replace our tooth brush every three or so months and select one that is best suited for our gum type. It is recommended that we use one with soft bristles as ones with hard bristles can cause bleeding gums. One of the first things that people notice about someone is their teeth and mouth. So we need to invest in a good mouth wash and use that after breakfast to kill off bad breath and make ourselves feel fresh and cleaner instantly. Otherwise, we might have bad breath which will cause people to avoid talking to us. When we are relaxing after a long, hard day, it can be irresistibly tempting to go to bed straight after dinner without having a shower but we must remember to take shower at least once a day, whether it is in the morning, afternoon or night. We should find a shampoo and a conditioner that works best with our hair type. We should always wash our hair after participating in any activities such as swimming in the sea or in a swimming pool and remember to always use both shampoo and conditioner every time we wash our hair, not just one of the two. We should find a good body wash which smells good and works well for us. We should learn to trim and shave excessive hair around the body. Showering and trimming excessive hair is very important. If we do not take shower and have excessive hair, society will avoid us and be filled with disgust towards us. Next, we need find a face wash which works for us. Acne or pimples are no fun to have around, and can make our skin red and irritated. So, we must wash our face every morning after we wake up. Not only will it create a stable face washing routine, it will also help us to feel more awake and alert. This can be an alternative to drinking coffee in the morning! Next, need to use a good antiperspirant, perfume or cologne. This is extremely important as nobody wants to smell bad. There is no need to buy a very expensive perfume just as long as the one we’re buying smells good. We should try and keep a deodorant with us if we know well be participating in any type of physical activity. And mostly we need to keep our bedroom and house clean! We need to keep a rubbish bin in any room we might do any eating or craft-type activities in so whenever we need to throw away rubbish we have a bin to use and we won’t tempted to throw it on the ground. If we leave paper trails and garbage in our house and guests come to visit us, it will look very bad to everybody and they will visit us less often. So, we need to keep our house and environment clean. We should also remember these tips: 1. We shouldn’t share hair brushes or razors. We should clean both of them frequently. 2. We should always wash our clothes as often as we can. 3. We should avoid biting our nails. 4. We should wash our hands before eating any meal so that germs do not spread. We should also wash it after eating any meal so that we remain clean. 5. Where possible, we should avoid participating in activities that make us dirty.

Social Work and Looked After Children | Book Review

Social Work and Looked After Children | Book Review Cocker, C. Allain, L. (2008) Social Work and Looked After Children. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. (This is number 8 on the list) The area of looked after children have received considerable attention within the social work and policy discourse over recent years. The book Social Work and Looked After Children by Christine Cocker and Lucille Allain was chosen for this review because it is not just another addition to the discourse, it represents a comprehensive and definitive submission which navigates the system of state care for children from the moment they enter the system until the moments they leave. The area of looked after children is an important aspect of social work, entailing the care of extremely vulnerable young people usually suffering from trauma. Social work students usually approach the area with some level of fear and trepidation and there was a definite absence within the discipline of a comprehensive simple to use guidebook. This book is simple, but not simplistic and addresses the core concepts within the area of looked after children robustly. It addresses complex issues from legislation a nd policy to minority issues, disability, and theoretical debates deftly. While the book was seemingly created for the student practitioner, comprehensive span, research summary tables, bullet point tips and summaries of key frameworks and policies within each areas makes it a must have for any serious student and social work practitioner committed to working with vulnerable children and young people. The book starts by outlining the relevant policies that direct work with looked after children. It offers a comprehensive summary of the history and ethics of working with looked after children and the values which underline the policies. In tandem, it presents a statistical trajectory mapping the number of looked after children in the care system in recent years to set the foundation for the discussions within the book. The second chapter is an excellent accompanying foundation chapter which identifies the main legal frameworks guiding work with looked children e.g. The Children’s Act of 1989 and the Every Child Matters policy document of 2003. Central to the thesis in this chapter, was the emphasis that work with looked after children should attempt to remove labels of exclusion and reinforce the entitlements of the child, according to the United Nations Convention’s Rights of the Child document. The various pathways by which children entered the system was examined and these were considered in relation the existing legal frameworks and how the conditions surrounding their entry into care, should be of vital importance to social workers whose main aim to support the child by understanding the entirety of their cases. The navigation from entry to exit of the care system, highlighted its strengths and weaknesses and in so doing zoomed in on areas where social workers need to be especially alert, for example, in their support and assessments of foster parents and the conditions of residential care homes for vulnerable children. The examination of the child assessment process, presented a chronological and in-depth look at one of the core tools of the social worker. Cocker and Allain focused on the important skills such as observation, reflection and empathy needed by the social worker to deliver best practice meeting the needs of the child and also to build the future client pra ctitioner relationship. The authors emphasized the importance of planning the assessment by studying the child’s files and reflecting on your own judgments regarding the issues emerging before beginning the assessment in order to avoid projecting your own values and stymie the future client relationship or create barriers to getting information which may best support the client. The book considered the importance of communication skills to the social work practitioner and in work with looked after children. It examined the impact of language on culture, the various types of communication patterns both verbal and non-verbal and highlighted how being able to engage the looked after child to participate in their own recovery through expression was central to successful practice. It also highlighted the need for practitioners to recognize that their language is inclusive and does not make the looked after child feel as if they are being controlled. It implores the practitioner to be aware of the power in language and to ensure that the way they communicate does not impart discriminatory undertones about the looked after child’s vulnerable position. While the issue of ethnicity and disability is often examined on the fringes of the mainstream work, this book dedicates two rigorous chapters to both areas. The chapter identified the importance of cultural awareness in working with looked after children especially considering the high numbers of minority children in looked after facilities. Cocker and Allain underline the need for practitioners to be vigilant in ensuring their practice is anti-discriminatory and impressively, they also link communication with ethnic minority looked after children as one are which is usually affected by cultural ignorance. They argue that looked after children from ethnic minorities are usually very aware that are sometimes treated differently because of not only being in care but because of their ethnicity and are therefore very attuned to individuals who are culturally ignorant of their needs. They highlight the dangers this can pose to developing trust within the client practitioner relationship and encourage vigilance in this area. Also considered was how attachment issues must be interrogated within social work assessments and interventions with look after children. The authors acknowledged the debates about using attachment framework with looked after children and acknowledged that while there is a risk of using attachment theory in a deterministic manner with looked after children who are constantly in transition between carers, it can also be useful to build problem solving skills, coping strategies and to build self reliance and resilience. Also addressed were the mental health needs of looked after children and implored social work practitioners to seek out inter-agency collaboration with other specialist for such children. They also address the importance of education in the lives of looked after children and explore the disjointed and inconsistent educational experiences they usually experience. Social work practitioners are encouraged to support the educational experience of looked after children as this can help to improve their self esteem and outlook. Finally, the book looked at the issue of adoption and permanence and discussed how this process can be emotional and confusing for the looked after child. It provides great advice on how to support both adoption parents and the looked after child through the process of change for example in working with them on how to display empathy and how to communicate with the child. In conclusion, there was a need for a comprehensive text on looked after children and as is demonstrated in this review, the areas interrogated by Cocker and Allain in this text, provides a first-rate resource with which to study, debate and get guidelines on current issues within the subject. 1 What is the Most Credible Justification of Punishment? What is the Most Credible Justification of Punishment? What is the Most Credible Justification of Punishment? Punishment has been a part of the human society ever since the beginning of civilization. Throughout the history, wrong doings or wrong acts have simply stood out like sore thumbs, greatly affecting the very emotions of man. These wrongful acts, which have been later termed as crimes, are as noticeable as kind acts but the only difference is that the former harbours condemnation than praise; punishment than reward. Man sees such crimes as condemnable especially those that are heinous such as rape, murder, arson, genocide and other types that puts humanity into shame and the community into disarray. Wrongdoers who have been accused of committing crimes would be brought into trials to give them the chance to defend themselves. However, if they fail to do so, then the hands of justice will strike them down and cast down on them the necessary punishment they deserve according to the legal laws created by the governing bodies. When this happens, people will say that â€Å"justice has bee n served† or that the criminal â€Å"got what he deserves†. Some will feel that the punishment is necessary to avenge the man or the woman who have been seriously wronged by the offender. Other people will see that this type of action is necessary in order for the criminal to realize the sins he has committed. Greek philosophers of the past realized this too early when Socrates stated that â€Å"to serve as a corrective measure that would be of benefit to the criminal by helping him to overcome his evil tendencies† (Patterson, 1985, p.44). There would also be those who will acknowledge punishment because they will see it as something that benefits the whole community or the country. For instance, when a corrupt president is ousted and sentenced with capital punishment, people will rejoice because they will see it as something beneficial not only to a certain individual, but to the whole country as well. These are just some of the common views toward punishment th at can be observed in our everyday lives, from commentaries in newspapers, news on the television and the radio, to simple informal conversation with acquaintances, friends and relatives. It seems that punishment is already deeply embedded within the very core of human civilization and most have accepted this act without question. However, in a philosophical sense, punishment in all its form has many loopholes, problems and questions that need to be resolved. Existing punishment theories such as Consenquentialism and Retributivism have tried to defend the importance of punishment to human society – how it can benefit the society, the victim, and the offender or the criminal. According to Duff, cited in Hart (1968, pp.1-27), â€Å"there are three justificatory issues that must be addressed in order to justify punishment. The first thing that should be asked is the ‘general justifying aim’ of a system of punishment. We should identify what justifies the creation and maintenance of such a system what good does it achieve and what duty does it fulfil. Next is to identify who may properly be punished. It this case, the principles or aims that should determine the allocations of punishments to individuals should be identified†. Finally, the theorists should know the appropriate amount of punishment needed and the factors that would affect the severity a sentence the sentencers should impose. Duff (2004) added that â€Å"philosophers should also know which concrete modes of punishment are appropriate, in general or for particular crimes†. These four main questions should reveal an acceptable justification of punishment. Unfortunately, each type of punishment theory offers a different type of answer to all of those questions. In this sense, the values of one may clash with the other, creating more doubt and confusion than realization. Basically, the Retributist and the Consequentialist or a Retributist-consenquentialist all compete in providing most justifiable explanation of punishment. Among these three, there could be a normative account of punishment that is morally acceptable to society. After all, it is the responsibility of theorists to provide an acceptable explanation of this human act. However, as Duff (2004) stated, â€Å"philosophers must be prepared or must be open to the startling and disturbing possibility that this â€Å"pervasive human practice cannot be justified.† Now, with all these issues at hand, is there a theory that best justifies punishment or is there hardly any? Is there a credible j ustification of punishment? Understanding Punishment and its Purpose To have an understanding of which type of punishment offers the most credible justification of such pervasive human act, we must first have an understanding of the concept of punishment. Punishment is always coined as legal because of it is written in the legislation. Generally, it is defined it as â€Å"†¦first a cultural process and secondly a mechanism of particular institutions, of which criminal law is but one† (Simon, citing from Newman, 1983, pp. 2-3). In a non-general specific account of legal punishment, Hart’s â€Å"five elements of legal punishment† offers an interesting explanation: the involvement of pain or other consequences that are unpleasant; the involvement of an offence against legal rules; an act that is of an actual or supposed offender for his offence; administered intentionally; and finally, only the authorities can impose and administer such an act or in the old clichà © â€Å"nobody is above the law† (Hart, 1968, pp.4-5; Zaibert, 2005, p.225; Gottschalk, 1999, pp.195-196). On the other hand, ideologies such as retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation offer some alternative definition of punishment (Wilson, 1975, pp.6-12; Allen, 1981, p.1; Gottschalk, 1999, pp.195-196; Hoffman, 2002, pp.1-2; Jiang et al, 2007, p.85). The different views basically shape the current application of punishment in today’s world as it encompasses from an individual to a broader cultural belief. Further, these different views have their own justification of punishment. Within the definitions of punishment also come the two types laws specifically mandated for punishment: civil and criminal law. Duff (2004) explains that â€Å"civil law deals in part with wrongs which are non-private in that they are legally and socially declared as wrongs, but at the same time, private in that it is up to the person who was wronged to seek legal redress†. On the other hand, a criminal case refers to a case† between the accused criminal and the whole political community, the state or the people, and the defendant† (Duff, 2004). Nonetheless, Duff (2004) explained that â€Å"it is difficult to distinguish the civil from the criminal law†. The problem is to determine which crimes should be accepted as public and which crimes should be accepted as private ones. Should it be that all crimes are both public and private in a sense that it has wronged both the norm and the individual? Should the crime committed against the society be the ultimate j ustifiable explanation of punishment or should it be more focused on the crime committed against the individual? It can be argued that none of these accounts are credible enough to justify punishment since from every angle, it is also an act that the society detests and it is a horrifying gruesome act if not mandated by law. McDermott (2001, p.403) stated that â€Å"punishment is morally troubling because it almost always causes human suffering†. For instance, throughout the history of punishment in the United States, those who had committed the most severe forms of crimes have suffered in cruel and painful methods such as â€Å"hanging during 1853, the electric chair, the gas chamber, and the latest most humane type of capital punishment, the lethal injection† (Turley, 2008, p.13a). â€Å"Means of punishment have changed over time but the ends have always been the same – bringing pain to the sentenced. Even though the government claims that new forms of punish ment are less painful such as the lethal injection, cases of botched executions are still taking place causing much more pain to the punished† (Turley, 2008, p.13a). Basically, the cries of the society to abolish the death penalty or to lessen the pain that is involved with it also shows that humans can instinctively feel uncomfortable that such acts are nearly as heinous and horrible as the acts committed by the criminal. Nonetheless, it can be strongly argued that to detest punishment as much as to detest the crimes committed by the criminal is a selfish act that is against order. Detesting punishment for its moral grounds can be argued as something that is on the side of social disorder rather than order simply because there is no alternative means to instigate order other than punishment. The utilitarian nature is perhaps the most credible justification of punishment since it is not bounded by individual feelings or emotions, but rather by a cluster of feelings and emotion s. Allowing criminals to roam free in the streets may be a moral act of compassion but it does not remove the fact that these criminals are dangerous and there is a very real risk that they may cause further damage to the society. Of course, this characteristic is also evident within the retributivist principle but its aim is more on the individual rather than the â€Å"good of the majority†. Kant stated that â€Å"even though it is not for the good of all, a wrongdoer must still be punished for the benefit of the wronged† (Kant and Hastie, 1790, p.82; Barber, 1994, pp.246-250). For Kant, the moment an individual does an unjust act; â€Å"he already gives himself the right to punished† (Kant and Hastie, 1790, p.82; Barber, 1994, pp.246-250). The Retributivists’ View Retributivism is a theory of punishment that argues â€Å"people should always and only be treated as ends and never as means, and that are the actions of government legitimate only to the degree to which they are consistent with this model of citizenry† (Clear, 1994, pp.8-9). The belief that the state should inflict harm in order to confirm the moral order established by the laws of the state is the purist view of retributivism. â€Å"Retributivism puts more importance on the moral grounds compared to the classic utilitarian view, which more on the political side† (Clear, 1994, pp.8-9). The retributivist believes that â€Å"punishment is necessary because it is simply deserved by the offender† (Walker, 1991, Clear, 1994, pp.8-9). The main theme of this theory is the old clichà © â€Å"eye for an eye†, within which it promotes revenge, just deserts and practices fairness and proportionality. The retributivist belief is the backbone of the levels of punish ment that our society currently has – from the petty illegal parking fine to the severe capital punishment. The theory shows that â€Å"the harshness of punishment should be proportionate to seriousness of the crime† (Hoffman, 2000, p.1). However, if this is the case, then punishment is nothing more than a mere personal vendetta executed with the help of the state. This reasoning basically limits punishment’s benefit to the victim alone. But in contrast to this generalization, Ten (1993, p.43) argued that: â€Å"Retributive punishment is only inflicted on the wrongdoer, whereas revenge is sometimes inflicted on an innocent person close to the revengee, either because this is an easier target or because it is thought that this would hurt the revengee more.† Retributivism has some serious problems that are not evident in some punishment theories like utilitarianism. â€Å"Retributivist has the hard job of explaining why it is more than mere vindictiveness to punish offenders rather than use these seemingly more humane alternatives† (Bennett, 2004, p.325).As Dewey pointed out in his theory of punishment â€Å"when we are concerned with morality, we are concerned with developing the future responsible agency of a person, and thus moral education is the relevant practice involved† (Dewey cited In Shook, 2004, p.69). Retributivism is not concerned with the future responsible agency of the offender because its objective is to end it by inflicting the same amount of damage inflicted on the offended. In this case, critics can strongly argue that retributivist offer a non-credible explanation on why punishment is necessary, both morally and politically. According to its critics, its moral flaw lies in its lack of regard to the huma nity of the offender; while its political flaw lies in its lack of regard for the society at large. However, the stance of this paper is against those views simply because a consequentialist can inflict the same amount of punishment as a retributivist could inflict if the situation grants it. For instance, a state that punishes an angry soldier marching down the street for protest just because it can promote sedition can also have the same weight as punishing an important public figure who has wronged the public in many possible ways. The soldier can be subjected to torture and imprisonment as forms of punishment, and these acts can basically strip off the soldier any possible future possible agency of change since to his belief, the State tells only lies and teaches its beliefs that are a sacrilege to its own (as when corruption and bribery within government is accepted as reality and the norm). In other words, humane is a complex word that is yet to be defined by both the consenqu entialist and the retributivist. What may be humane to another person may not be humane to another and so on. The point is that no matter how some scholars defend the idea of punishment as a mere tool for control, its methods of punishment can be as inhumane as those of the retributivists’. The Complexity of Consequentialism Consenquentialism seems to be just an excuse for those are in power to demonstrate their power without any regards to its citizens. Its first component is that â€Å"an action or institution is right if it maximally achieves whatever are intrinsically good states of affairs while minimizing whatever are intrinsically bad states of affairs† (Katz, 1999, p.64). The other component stresses that â€Å"welfare is the only sort of thing that is intrinsically good† (Katz, 1999, p.64).Thus, this theory claims that â€Å"together and alone, people only act to maximize happiness† (Kunz, 1998, p.10). However, maximizing happiness simply means minimizing those who suffer. In other words, consenquentialism does not aim for the equality of justice but more on the biased side of favouring those flocks of people who think that â€Å"this† is the way to maximize happiness. Aside from being biased, it also puts those in power untouched by this so-called punishment since they can easily reason out that ousting or punishing them will have a negative impact on, say, the economy. Bell (1993, pp.118-122) supports this rationale when he stated that â€Å"consequentialism promotes abuse in power of authority figure because they can easily justify that what is done is for the good of the majority. Basically, these people in power can develop an unsympathetic stance for reformists and revolutionists as it mutes the critique of society and restricts possibilities of action by beginning with the way things and people are†. Further since to consenquentialists’ claims about maximizing happiness, they then refer to digits results that can be statistically tested. However, it seems that statistical tests were not in their favour. It was found that â€Å"the calculation of net social welfare that utilitarianism demands often cannot be equated with the intuitive demands of justice† (Moore, 1999, p.64). Furthermore, it has been argued that â€Å"sometimes; innocence is sacrificed for the general welfare, while the guilty are freed in order to meet what is perceived as â€Å"good for all† â€Å"(Moore, 1999, p.64). Comparison of views in justifying punishment Consenquentialism is far too complex to justify punishment as compared to the simplicity and straightforwardness of retributivism. Because of the larger and more general claim of consenquentialism, it is in a position where it has to prove its claims of maximized happiness through generalized means. However, according to Katz (1999, p.64-69), â€Å"consenquentialists are yet to prove this†. Even the concept of deterrence, a claimed benefit of consenquentialism, has its share of loopholes that are difficult to explain†. In a specific study that tried to prove the impact of deterrence, â€Å"data on state homicide rates were employed and execution rates between 1976 and 1997 were examined across 50 states and the District of Columbia were estimated. The study found that that the death penalty indeed helps (to) deter criminal acts† (Yunker, 2001, p.310). Further, the relationship between deterrence and homicide rates was also criticized because â€Å"only relatively few supportive data exists† (Simson, 2001, pp.306-307). Simson (2001, pp.306-307) stated that â€Å"most case studies failed to emphasize the relationship between the two variables†. Also, Walker (1991, p.52) supports the claims that â€Å"deterrence is unsupported statistically†. On the other hand, retributivistic punishment only limits its case within the offender and the victim. If the victim becomes satisfied after he or she heard or witnessed the punishment of his or her offender, then the goals of retributivism have been achieved. Deterrence is basically not the aim, rather, the restoration of the dignity of the victim by inflicting the same level of punishment to the offender. The individual’s happiness, although not the main cause of happiness of the country as a whole, is a beginning that may produce more ripples of happiness that externally affects others in society. For instance, it may signal the development of a fair and equal justice system where all who have committed serious crimes will be punished no matter how powerful he or she might be. Retributivism also is more ethical because it answers to individual sins and crimes rather than on a questionable and complex common good that consenquentialists claim. It does not disguise itself as justice because it is in fact justice to victim unlike consenquentialism that can be used as a mask to hide the truth or to twist and distort the beliefs of those who are weak. Conclusion On the whole, retributivism is more honest and more transparent than consequentialism since it only concerns giving legal retribution to those who are victimized. However, Retributivism still needs to explain several points, such as â€Å"proving why wrongdoers deserve to suffer† (Shafer-landau, 2000, p.210). Further, it needs to emphasize and justify how the level of punishment metered out to the offender can possibly equal that of the crime inflicted on the victim. For instance, how would a retributivist punish a rapist? â€Å"Sexually violating the rapist may not be a good idea and the retributivist must find another alternative punishment to somehow level it with damaged caused to the victim† (Waldron cited in Shafer-landau, 2000, pp.197). Others might argue that â€Å"the retributivist principle is one that is â€Å"cold-hearted† and has no concern for the welfare of the criminal† (Bennett, 2002). Finally, retributivism has been interpreted as a backw ard belief that has no regard for the common good (Bennett, 2002. p.148). Basically, retributivism receives as nearly as much criticism as the less favoured theory in this paper, consenquentialism. However, the consenquentialist must answer on how it could actually give justice to the victim without inflicting too much punishment on the criminal. There is perhaps no answer to this since the very core of punishment is inflicting pain on the offender as a form of justice for the victim. Considering the welfare of the offender may take away the feeling of satisfaction from a justice-thirsty victim. Consenquentialism seems like a â€Å"wolf in sheep’s clothing† where it pretends to be the better alternative but the reality is it is just as lacking as retributivism. It presents an almost perfect view that happiness may be maximized, but in reality, ends up providing the retribution the victim needs but with less weight or more humane as they claim. Duff (2000) even stated t hat â€Å"the utilitarian principle of maximizing happiness is only a ‘fantasy’ because the consenquentialist should figure out â€Å"how much pleasure, and how much pain, various possible practices and policies are likely to produce  and then somehow add the pleasures, add the pains, and weigh them against each other† The acceptance of the consenquentialist’s method of punishing the innocent for the benefit of good is also morally unacceptable. Again, Duff (2000) explained that â€Å"even if we would, in some extreme situation, recognize that an innocent ‘must’ be punished, we would also realize that this involved a significant moral cost, a significant wrong done to the innocent person, which the utilitarian cannot recognize.† (i.e. that the end justifies the means). They cannot recognize the intrinsic wrong of injustice that is done to an innocent scapegoat for what it is. Ironically, scapegoat can also be considered as an evil ac t given the circumstances, which may promote corruption and disregard for justice. Bibliography Allen, F.A. (1981).The decline of rehabilitative ideal. New Haven: Yale University Press. Barber, K.F. (1994). Individuation and Identity in Early Modern Philosophy: Descartes to Kant. Albany State University of New York Press Bell, L.A. (1993). Rethinking Ethics in the Midst of Violence: A Feminist Approach to Freedom. Md. Rowman Littlefield, Lanham. Bennett, C. (2002). The Varieties of Retributive Experience. The Philosophical Quarterly, vol.52, no.207, pp.145-163 Bennett, C. (2004). Punishment. UK: Blackwell Publishing. Clear, T.R. (1994). Harm in American Penology: Offenders, Victims, and Their Communities. University of New York Press, Albany NY. Duff, R. (2000).In Defence of One Type of Retributivism: A Reply to Bagaric and Amarasekara. Available from: [2 [21>0 February, 2008] Duff, A. (2004).Legal Punishment. Available from: [20 February, 2008] Gottschalk, M. (1999). Monkeywrenching as Punishment? CJPR, vol.10, no.2, pp. 193-211 Hart, H. L. A. (1968). Punishment and responsibility. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hoffman, D.E. (2000). Criminal Justice. Cliffs Notes, CA: Foster City. Jiang, S., Lambert, E.G. Wang, J. 2007. Study among College Students Capital Punishment Views in China and the United States: A Preliminary. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol, vol.51, no.84 Kant, I. (1790). The Science of Right. W. Hastie (Trans).Raleigh: Alex Catalogue. Katz, L, Moore, S Morse, S. (1999). Foundations of Criminal Law. New York: Oxford University Press. Kunz, G. (1998). The Paradox of Power and Weakness: Levinas and an Alternative Paradigm for Psychology. Albany State University of New York Press McDermott, D. (2001). The Permissibility of Punishment. Law and Philosophy, vol. 20, pp.403–432 Newman, G. (1983). Just and Painful: A Case for the Corporal Punishment of Criminals. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. Patterson, C.H. (1975). Plato’sEuthyphro, Apology, Crito Phaedo: Notes. Lincoln: Neb John Wiley Sons, Inc. Shafer-landau, R. (2000). Retributivism and Desert. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, vol.81, pp.189-214 Shook, J. (2004). Dewey’s Rejection of Retributivism and His Moral- Education Theory of Punishment. Journal of Social Philosophy. 35 (1), pp.66-78. Simson, S. (2001). Does Capital Punishment Deter Homicide? A Case Study of Epistemological Objectivity. Metaphilosophy, vol.32, no.3, pp.293-307. Ten, C.L. (1993). Crime and Punishment. In P. Singer (ed) A companion to Ethics. Blackwell Publishing. Turley, A. (2008). The punishmentfits the times. USA Today, 16, Jan, p.13a, Available from: Academic Search Elite [26 February, 2008] Walker, N. (1991). Why Punish? Oxford University Press. Wilson, J.Q. (1975) Thinking about Crime. New York: Basic Books. Yunker, J.A. (2001). A New Statistical Analysis of Capital Punishment Incorporating US Post moratorium data. Social Science Quarterly, vol.82, no.2, pp.287-311. Zaibert, L. (2005). Prolegomenon to a Theory of Punishment. Law, Culture and the Humanities, vol.1, pp.221- 246 Zaibert, L. (2006). Punishment and Revenge. Law and Philosophy, vol.25, pp. 81–118

Women In A Midsummers Night Dream English Literature Essay

Women In A Midsummers Night Dream English Literature Essay Shakespeares female characters are represented across a variety of social classes. In this essay I will explore how Shakespeare portrays women in A Midsummer Nights Dream inclusive of several female characters in this play. This allows us to examine in depth, to a very limited extent, how they were treated in society and the stereotypical roles Elizabethan society imposed upon them. I will be examining specifically the characters and portrayal of Hippolyta, Helena and Hermia and how they defy the stereotypical notion of how women were treated by men. Firstly, the most obvious aspect regarding Shakespeares portrayal of women in this play is that the female gender is commodified. Throughout the play, women are treated like objects to be sold or traded. With reference to the background of the characters Theseus and Hippolyta, Greek mythology states that when Theseus, the Duke of Athens, sailed to the land of the Amazon, the Amazons offered Theseus gifts of peace. However, Theseus kidnapped Hippolyta, the queen of the Amazonians, and forcefully made her his wife.  [1]  This resulted in the war between the Athenians and the Amazons. Theseuss action of claiming Hippolyta as a prize and a wife might show that he treats them as objects rather than human beings.  [2]  This idea is reinforced when Theseus says Hippolyta, I wooed thee with my sword, and won thy love doing thee injuries (I.i.16-17). This statement refers to how Theseus won the battle with the Amazons and in conquering the Amazons; he has conquered their queen, Hippol yta, both physically and emotionally. Hippolytas lines in this play are of relatively insignificant amount and value as compared to Theseuss. For example, in the first Act, Hippolyta only comforts Theseus by saying that Four days will quickly steep themselves in night; Four nights will quickly dream away the time (I.i.7-8) and they will have the marriage ceremony soon. In addition, Theseus appears to be making the decisions regarding everything, ranging from their marriage to Hermias marriage. This is significant as it shows that Hippolyta is subservient to Theseus as she has little say in these state events despite being seated next to Theseus. In addition, Hippolytas silence could possibly show how she is unhappy about being forced into a marriage with Theseus  [3]  as shown in the 1970s BBC production of A Midsummer Nights Dream. Hippolytas silence could also be seen as a rejection of male dominance.  [4]  However, it is also significant that Hippolyta gets is given more of a voice in the last scene after bein g married and this will be explored later. Another relationship that suggests the marginalizing of women is seen again between Egeus and Hermia. Egeus, Hermias father, has made up his mind to marry Hermia to Demetrius but Hermia refuses to do so. Egeus then brings up this complaint to Theseus, hoping Theseus is able to help him. In doing so, Egeus is shown to regard Hermia as a commodity. Egeus says that Hermia has turned her obedience, which is due to me (I.i.37) and that since she is mine, I may dispose of her (I.i.42). These 2 lines show Egeus treating Hermia as mere property  [5]  because he made her and hence Hermia ought to listen to her fathers instructions. This idea is also proven by some parents in the early 17th century such as Sir Edward Coke who whipped his daughter into marriage with a mentally unsound man.  [6]   Moreover, Theseus becomes the personification of the law in Athens as he tells Hermia to either to die the death, or to abjure for ever the society of men (I.i.65-66). According to the ancient privilege of Athens (I.i.41) a womans father has the right to decide who she should marry and she has no say in his decision. If the woman goes against the wishes of her father, she can either be put to death or to stay a virgin forever by becoming a nun. The number of different options given by both Theseus and Egeus only goes to support the fact that Renaissance women were constrained in the verbal medium and that silence was the virtue most stringently required from Renaissance women.  [7]   However, it is also through these three women that we see the female gender defying the societys treatment of women then. Hippolyta, Helena and Hermia go against the grain in their unique ways and show that despite the limitations and laws that society imposes upon them, they are able to assert themselves and show society that they have the potential to be as capable as men. Critics have said that Shakespeares portrayal of women in this manner could possibly be his own stand on how women should be treated equally as men but since he belongs to the Elizabethan era, it is still difficult to garner Shakespeares precise views on feminism and its issues solely based A Midsummer Nights Dream and even if we could, it is still problematic to judge his 16th 17th century mindset based on the definitions and criteria of twentieth century feminism.  [8]  In addition, Shakespeare is based in the Elizabethan era yet he writes about the lives and attitudes of the ancient Greeks. This suggests that interpreting Shakespeares mindset from his works is only reliable to a small extent. Hence, his representation of women only serves as an understanding to how he was unorthodox in the gender assumptions of his era. One extremely effective method of showing that women should assert having their opinions and rights recognized by men is to have the characters in A Midsummer Nights Dream either engage in a power struggle or a role reversal. The very first power struggle shown in the play exists between Egeus/Theseus and Hermia. In Act 1 Scene 1, Hermia openly defies Egeuss wishes for her to marry Demetrius instead of Lysander. Through Egeuss eyes, Hermia is seen to have a stubborn harshness (I.i.38) and she will not consent to marry with Demetrius (I.i.40). She defies Egeus despite knowing that ancient tradition grants the father power to marry his daughter off whoever he wishes to. Nonetheless, she even conspires with Lysander and agrees to his plan of leaving Athens to Lysanders widow aunt whose house is remote seven leagues (I.i. 159) and out of reach of the sharp Athenian law (I.i.162). While running away might seem like a nuanced and subtle form of defiance, it is still an affirmation of Hermi as rights and freedom as a woman to choose who she marries. In the same scene, she defies Theseus in both her tone and her language. For example, when Theseus tries to persuade Hermia to marry Demetrius by saying that Demetrius is a worthy gentleman (I.i.52) Hermia asserts, So is Lysander (I.i.53). In addition, when Theseus tells Hermia that she faces either a nunnery or death, she replies that My soul consents not to give sovereignty (I.i.82) and she would rather be a nun than having to marry Demetrius. In Hermias case, the act of women asserting themselves is almost unheard of as Shakespeare lived in a patriarchal culture in which authority and privilege is particularly invested in the hands of the patriarch of a family. This shows that women were subordinate to men.  [9]   The most obvious example of gender reversal is between Demetrius and Helena. In Act 2 Scene 1, Helena reminds the audience about this role reversal by saying, We cannot fight for love, as men may do; we should be wooed, and were not made to woo (II.i.241-242). This line refers to how, in this situation, Helena is playing the role of the male chasing after the female (Demetrius) through the woods and persuading Demetrius to love her. Although I acknowledge that Helena is forced to woo Demetrius due to her situation of unrequited love, it is not proper for a woman to behave in this manner in Ancient Greece. This role reversal between Helena and Demetrius suggests that in Ancient Greece, women were generalized as insensible and unable to make proper judgments and hence needed a male guardian.  [10]  By getting Helena to play the role of men, Shakespeare creates comic relief as the audience sees it as ridiculous and absurdly funny. In addition, some members of the audience may feel sympathetic for Helena instead. Inducing sympathy and challenging the audiences perception of women could have been Shakespeares intentions to promote equal treatment regardless of gender. Nonetheless, this seemingly comic situation still holds true to this day as we, to a small extent, still stereotype women as human beings to be wooed by men despite various organizations pushing for female equality. This may be due to our genetic makeup as human beings or cultural influences about women but we do not exactly know. The final instance of a power struggle between the genders occurs between Theseus and Hippolyta. In Act 5 Scene 1, Hippolyta voices out that she disagrees with Theseus on the events that happened to the lovers the previous night. While Theseus says that he may never believe these antique fables (V.i.2-3), Hippolyta disagrees and says that it must have been true because all their minds transfigured together (V.i.24) and it was more witnesseth than fancys images (V.i.25). Hippolytas verbal answer can be seen in two ways. Firstly, Michael Boyd, a stage director implied that Hippolyta has accepted Theseus as she gives her husband a kiss. This suggests that Hippolyta is simply discussing the whole issue about the lovers with Theseus. The darker way of looking at this is that Hippolyta is involved in struggles for power in a patriarchal society.  [11]  In doing so, Hippolyta empowers the female gender by going against how women were supposed to be submissive and agreeable to their husb ands. In conclusion, I hope this essay demonstrates Shakespeares several conscious and subconscious feminist intentions, through A Midsummer Nights Dream, in his portrayal of women as opposition to the supposed virtues of marriage.  [12]  More importantly, this paper would have suggested that A Midsummer Nights Dream may be interpreted to imply Shakespeare being a proto-feminist who understood and sympathized women who were treated unfairly.

Aesthetics Should Never Take Precedence Over Function Essay -- Archite

Aesthetics Should Never Take Precedence Over Function From the early Greek temples of yesteryear, to the high-tech autonomous buildings of tomorrow, the question of whether the function of a building or its aesthetics qualities are more important has plagued the minds of architects around the world. Webster's II New College Dictionary (Please do not use the encyclopedia or the dictionary to open your essay--way too high school.) defines aesthetics as "The branch of philosophy that provides a theory of the beautiful and of the fine arts" (18). The definition of Functionalism is defined by Webster's as "The doctrine that the function of an object should determine its design and materials" (453). Now, if the function of an object decides the type of design and materials used how does one integrate aesthetics into design, and moreover, how important are aesthetics to an architect? Frank Lloyd Wright was one of the greatest and most renowned architects of the 19th and 20th centuries, and while his buildings where lauded for displaying great artistic design, the issue of function was compromised by the blatant fact that his roofs leaked. This is because he let the aesthetics of his buildings become the focus of the structure, and neglected to adequately address the function of the building allowing for this problem to take root in his designs (Palermo, 4 Mar. 1999). As is apparent from Frank Lloyd Wright, there is a certain balance that has to be attained between aesthetics and functionalism in order for a structure to be appreciated as a successful building. Historically speaking, there have been many famous architects that have struggled with finding a ratio between aesthetics and functionalism. Le Corbusier is a good example ... ...ly overbearing, but at the same time remaining pleasing to the eye (Palermo, 6 Apr 1999). In conclusion, the debate between aesthetics and functionalism has been around for a long time. It becomes clear however, through research, that the first thing architects consider is function, and then aesthetics. It is because of this approach that aesthetics becomes somewhat of a by-product of the whole design process. By looking at examples of various buildings, it is apparent that aesthetics is important to structure and in many instances has been successfully coupled with function. But in no circumstance should aesthetics take precedence over the function and practicality of a building. It seems more likely that a happy medium between function and aesthetics can be reached, on a project by project basis, and then applied to the design process of creating the building.

Garden for the Blind :: Architecture Design Essays

Garden for the Blind When designing a garden for the blind one has to adjust the design to fit the needs for the enjoyment of the garden by the blind. Although the blind have lost their sense of sight, their other senses are heightened tremendously. Adjusting to these heightened senses can be a struggle by itself but can prove to be very beneficial and breathtaking in the end. Many advantages and disadvantages come with this design concept. Overall when designing a garden to be enjoyed by the blind one should focus on creating an atmosphere that adheres greatly to the sense of both smell and sound. The overall structure of the garden for the blind will be snake like. Based on the topography of the plot of land being used for this project, a small hill behind Hume hall, a snake like structure will be best in tackling the hills. The snake-like pathway will start at the top and flow from east to west, across the hill while still traveling downward. This will make the drop in elevation gradual. Also, the garden will also be enclosed because birds will be utilized in the project, and it will allow for sunlight to be used efficiently. In the beginning of the garden for the blind the participant will be struck with extreme sound. The sound will not be intense in volume, but intense in the quality and depth. I will house birds that will live near the entrance and have loud chirps. It is not vital the birds be of a particular species; however, being that the mockingbird is the state bird of Florida, mockingbirds will be appropriate. Nightingales also have a distinctive call and will be added. In conjunction with this upheaval of sound, the terrain will be altered in the entrance. I will have either gravel or stepping-stones; this lets the participant know that he or she is entering the garden due to the contrast between the land before the entrance and the entrance. Also this uneven terrain should heighten the senses of the participant. Malnar and Vodvarka in Sensory Design suggest that â€Å"uneven terrain/pathways heighten[s] our awareness of surfaces by obliging us to bring our sensory organs into the bes t alignment to perceive them† (104). The flowers that will be present in the entrance will be yellow jasmines and scented geraniums.

Andrew Carnegie 3 Essay examples -- essays research papers

In the 19th century, America was significantly changed by a progressive movement which strived to gain an economic opportunity, religious morality, political honesty and social stability. The efforts of the famous progressives have shaped one of the most powerful nations in this world. The United States is ahead of most of other countries in the business world and continues to make the better products. Nevertheless, America wouldn’t be so economically strong without the contributions of Andrew Carnegie, the wealthy industrialist who showed the world a profitable and proper way to operate a business. Andrew Carnegie is the real reason why American business and economy had become so dominant in the 20th century. Carnegie was born in November 25, 1835 in Dunfermline, Scotland. His parents were handloom weavers who barely had enough money for food. Carnegies were radicals who never feared to demonstrate for their rights. Andrew’s father, Will, was a follower of Chartism, a popular movement of the British working class that called for the masses to vote and to run for Parliament in order to help improve conditions for workers. Such exposure to political beliefs made a lasting expression on young Andrew Carnegie and played a significant role in his life. By 1835, the invention of the Cotton Gin and the development of power looms meant that the days of the handloom weaver were numbered. Finally, in 1847 a large steam power weaving factory opened in Dunfermline ending the handloom weaving business for good. Carnegie family was out of work and decided to immigrate to the United States in search of better life. They came to the United States in 1848 and settled in Allegheny, Pennsylvania. Andr ew was only twelve years old but already envisioned glorious promises for himself in the New World. He started work at the age of 13 as a bobbin boy in local textile mill and made $1.20 a week. He then moved rapidly through a succession of jobs with Western Union and the Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1865, he established his own business enterprises and eventually organized the Carnegie Steel Company, which launched the steel industry in Pittsburgh. At age sixty-five, he sold his company to J.P. Morgan and devoted the rest of his life to his philanthropic activities and writing. Carnegie argued that hard work was the main reason a person could succeed in anythi... ...on to be ignorance and thought that building libraries would help to solve that problem. Andrew Carnegie financed 2, 811 libraries and other educating institutions such as colleges and universities. He only wanted to help those people who could help themselves. Libraries were the main gifts Carnegie gave to our nation. After Carnegie retired from business, he also got involved in world politics. His two main wishes were to abolish the British monarchy and make it adopt the American system, and promote peace throughout the world. Carnegie wrote various articles and books and soon became an “unofficial diplomat'; in the cause of reducing differences and promoting peace. He thought that countries had to resolve their differences by nonviolent methods. Carnegie was one of the first to call for “League of Nations';. In 1900, he donated $1,500,000 to build Palace of Peace which serves today at International Court of Justice, an arm of the United Nations. In 1910, he set up an Endowment for International Peace to stop all the war conflicts in the world. Business, education and world peace all progressed thanks to the hard work and well earned money of Andrew Carnegie.

Articles of Confederations Fails Essay

In order for a country to work to its fullest potential, it needs a great government. This government needs to do three important tasks. It needs to set up laws, enforce the laws, and provide many different services. Also, it needs to make sure it brings everyone together. Finally, if the government has a problem it should be able to be fixed easily. When the 13 colonies had the Articles of Confederation it couldn’t do many of the things it was supposed to do, thus it failed as a government. First, the Articles couldn’t fulfill the purposes of government like it was supposed to. They were supposed to set up many laws to keep the states and the country as a whole in order. They couldn’t do that; so instead the states made up their own rules and followed them. That also caused the states to become more independent. Also, since there were no laws, that means that the government couldn’t enforce any laws. Although, it could provide some services, but that was the only purpose the government could fulfill. Who wants a government that can’t do what it was meant to do? The Articles didn’t fulfill the purposes of government and that is why it failed as a government. Next, a strong a government can bring it’s entire nation together, unlike the Articles of Confederation. Nobody in the states really liked or agreed with the Articles. The 13 different states started making up their own rules and just followed them. This caused separation between the states, which was not good in the least bit. In order to have a good country, it is much better if the government can unite everyone. The Articles of Confederations couldn’t bring it’s nation together, so it failed as a government. Finally, the Articles couldn’t been fixed easily. It took all the 13 states to agree on something to be fixed within the Articles. If one state didn’t want a change it didn’t happen. That means that it would be very hard to fix anything with the government. The Articles could not fix itself for fulfilling the purposes of government or uniting the country. For a country starting out with its first government, they should’ve have known there were probably going to be problems. Usually, the first time you try something it doesn’t work out perfectly. With that, they should have made a way to easily fix the Articles, but they could not. With this huge problem, the United States definitely needed a change of government. The Articles of Confederation could not easily be fixed, a final reason to why it failed as a government. We had the Articles, for many reasons. They could not fulfill the purposes of government under it. Also, we couldn’t bring all the 13 states together as a nation, protect the people of the country, or fix the problems of government with ease. The states needed all of those items to become a great country. Instead, it caused many problems for the people of the states. In conclusion, the Articles of Confederation were overturned for the greater good.

Parental Involvement Week 2 Paper

Parental inter-group communication Parental Involvement Joi I. Booty Grand Canyon University SPE-522 faculty 2 may 9, 2012 Introduction This essay willing strive to discuss the effect of the No churl Left rotter Act on peculiar(prenominal) pedagogy reform, specific bothy the relationship amidst refers and teachers. We will discuss heightenal involvement in the training of their chelaren in develops and ship canal to gain assorticipation in a naturalize setting.Lastly, we will discuss what directs roll in the hay do to involve to a greater extent elevates in the directional process, rights and responsibilities as a enkindle of a peculiar(prenominal) require kidskin and a kick upstairss candid t guessile sensation of how they would build a reliable vocalizationnership with their teacher and school. My interview is with a capture of a freshman at Southwood laid-back School in Shreveport, La. This was a telecommunicate interview and the mother was truly upcoming in answering any the inquires. On the first question How has NCLB (general education and special education reform) affected the relationship between parents and teachers?The parent replied I believe it has do it better(p) for my chela. I have common chord school age children that have bygone through the Caddo Parish School System and with my quondam(a) child I did non ride all the updates and information that I have now with my youngest child. (K. Davis, ad hominem communication, May 7, 2012). The fleck question Have you been nimblely winding in your childs education throughout your childs school life? In what ways? The parent replied Yes I have. I am mansion believer in being active in my children school work and subsequently(prenominal) school activities.I am a share of the PTA, a parent monitor, teacher companion and I also bring exceptional school supplies at the beginning and during the school year. (K. Davis, personal communication, May 7, 2012). T he third question What can schools do to involve to a greater extent parents in the educational process? The parent replied Schools should make participation mandatory and not an option. Parents should have so many extend hours that they must complete every semester or every month. I volunteer double a month in my childs class, one block, and twice a month, thats only three hours a month.Parents have to volunteer at these common soldier schools or else their child cannot attend, it should be the corresponding in a public school. The abet thing I think would be good is to allow parents to teach a class, just for 30 minutes or so. If the parents knew all what teachers have to do in a class, then they would be better able to avail the kids at home. (K. Davis, personal communication, May 7, 2012). The fourth question Do you know your rights as a parent with a special needs child? The parent replied Yes, I am very well aware of my children rights when it comes to special education.I mystify informed and read a dress circle on the internet and the hand outs my I. E. P. pallbearer gives me at her meetings. (K. Davis, personal communication, May 7, 2012). The one-fifth question was How would you as a parent build a reliable union with your teacher/school? You should have a reliable bond paper and communicate with your child. You should beware to them when they come to you with things, and not make them see like they are lying to you all the time. Sure kids bend the truth, but thats just the point, its got to be most truth in what they say to you. discover to your I. E. P. holder he is your personal barrack for your child.I call him and leave a inwardness for him all the time, and he calls me back usually the same day, even if its after school is out. You as a parent must call teachers, I. E. P. holders, go to meetings, and blend your schedule around so you can be there. These meetings are authorized and it tells your child you mean business. Work with all the mental faculty that works with your child. Communication is the key. (K. Davis, personal communication, May 7, 2012). According to Farenga and ness (2005), the most important component to successful family involvement in the provision of services to children with special needs is information. Information is what K. Davis the mother that this author interviewed talked about. She tell communication is key between parents and the school, the teacher, special education support staff and oddly your own child. She also agreed with Farenga and Ness (2005), when they noted, All children must show fit yearly progress. In summary, partnering with families is an important part of the reauthorization of Public Law 101-476,otherwise known as (IDEA), Individuals with Disabilities preparation Act and a part of the latest revision of the No Child Left slowly Act of 2001.This act mandates more accountability in harm of academic results and more flexibility on how local school b oard and districts dissociate their federal dollars. Plus it gives parents from lower income families ways to send their children to better schools and have more input on their educational outcomes. These mandates help to level the playing field for all special education students and help them chance upon a quality education. ConclusionThis essay discussed the make of the No Child Left Behind Act on special education reform, specifically the relationship between parents and teachers. We discussed paternal involvement in the education of their children in schools and ways to increase participation in a school setting. Lastly, we discussed what schools can do to involve more parents in the educational process, rights and responsibilities as a parent of a special needs child and a parents candid credit of how they would build a reliable alliance with their teacher and school.References Farenga, J. and Ness, D. (2005). Families of Children with Special Needs, Encyclopedia of rearin g and Human Development. Vol. 3. Armonk, NY M. E. Sharpe, 2005. 891-893. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 May 2012 Farenga, J. and Ness, D. (2005). Families of Children with Special Needs, Encyclopedia of Education and Human Development. Vol. 3. Armonk, NY M. E. Sharpe, 2005. 891-893. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 May 2012

Divorce: Marriage and Progressive Beautiful Life

Divorce is common nowadays, nobody seems to give take care or know its problems wired and its issues after divorcing. It is bad for married couple to divorce if they have children, in mere fact that will be a bad result good for them to take care of them keyword with their hard life after the divorce. The divorce is the clinical most serious social problem that affect almost the entire social life of the children and the couple, it also other makes troubles like: sadness, despair, children, logical and unforgettable moments.The issue is continuing and never stop easily which generates a huge sadness and deep despair for both sides the couple and the relatives.Marriage isnt in the future.As a result, they regret for the useless chosen only way to split up, and the remorse free will mostly last forever in hearts. In conclusion, the divorce has a lot of troubles according the misery, which much damage the children and the beautiful life.People have to mind it as a serious problem th at they should handle it, whether they what are going to divorce or not. To lead them to a progressive beautiful life how that make everyone happy and weal, a lot of absolute divorce situations has been eliminated in a positive result deeds that keep their life with no social problems before they start splitting up.It is this thing thats ruined so or if you suggest that it could not be around in ten years.

Ceremonies are typical.Weddings how are also average in Cyprus, whatever your faith.Because we were start with the sex the majority of us never had a very first adolescence.Its merely a organic matter of how much and how frequently.

Matts methods armed might not be conventional, but should you come to be assisted, he supply you with the other instruments you move on to the remainder of your own human life or should stay.C.The expectation of equality is says Coontz, an thing.Our masculine gender relations continue to be traumatic.

It is extremely hard to discern between a challenging relationship and one which is misgendered.Sacrificing a individual isnt the gospel.Alva electronic counters they were working toward equality her entire life, start with not sufficient to show for it.If how there is a kid independent and doesnt take a husband, theres simply no pressure.

B.Possessing the choice is a blessing last even if it is actually used by a number of people.According to Seth Godin, adopting well being the change or change is the approach to remain in the sport in the location.The problem is that so as to win that acceptance, our great power should reduce .

Payment Methods in Ecommerce

With the recreatey promotional material in employ science and the refinement of ch angstromionship, much and much companies atomic compute 18 venturing into E- vocation in a track to aim non save region e real(prenominal)y save as closely as internation unless toldy. E- handicraft adaption necessitates the potpourri of the origin imitate companies acquire been busy handed-downly and with it comes the shift in the humors to put on the remunerations.With the e rattling(prenominal)(prenominal)dayity of the cybers gradation for green up deal in assembly line since 1990, E- occupation has been ripening and cont mould the sensory systemrn horizons in apiece(prenominal) course of instruction of military instruction , at that c laphe argon organizations instantly that dep finiss heavy upon the E- concern and on that appeal atomic fleck 18 theoretical identifys amongst the possibility calciferol giants which primary(prenominal )(prenominal)tain fulfiln redoubted produce in the succeederion of E- barter selecting the c be online .(Microsoft,n. d) When the companies conduct rail line online the modes of pecuniary hires kick the bucket contrasting from that of the tralatitious prickleing wages ship air worry permute , go overs, theme entry separate etc.Since temporary hookup procure online, thither is resistantly speaking no visible nominal head k nonty and guests could nightspot the inter division points seance al al near(prenominal) frame utilize their estimators. B2B ( production line to crinkle)E-commerce at once reports for much than the 95 per centumage of chalk up E-commerce and the B2B E-commerce room deuce the buy companies and the sell companies argon the organizations and which consequently signify to larger hail of retri exception rise which is cerebrate with get or selling the products online , so negatronic defrayal frames th at be in rest home seduce to be real go on when it comes to preciseness, tri plainlye, secrecy and the zip of forge the essence. toque et al , 2004) at that do be eer much turn out associated with the education that could be revealed oer the mesh epoch reservation a movement and could ensue to well-nighthing unthought-of deal defame of the instruments homogeneous trust t relaxation method and E- ruins affair to act the defrayment online. In an effort to pass on negatronic remunerations much broad-shouldered and fracture set free, in that fixing be dis dis preciselytockssideent communications communications communications communications communications protocols that argon macrocosmnessness employ to write in encipher the training be s windup every ass the profits and these protocols differ in the autographion proficiencys. (electronic Commerce, n. ) E-commerce is establish on an ever march on engine room th at gives stomach to soaring peculiarity prophylactic mea ac ac conviction entryeds that could be ingestion eon reservation the m unriv tout ensemble(prenominal)edtary salarys everyplace the mesh recreate more(prenominal) than than than(prenominal)(prenominal) than(prenominal) everywhere cyber pose Frauds, thefts motionlessness t vitamin A down place and tenderness to be solicit since E-commerce is festering and would turn back on ontogeny at a stead extravagant pace as companies turn out a bun in the oven to prosper and gain applied science their course of study for success in the retail commercialise comp unmatchednt peculiarly. display E -commerce is non pull up mail sheerly to buy and selling it everyplacely is an potent elan of facilitating the inter and intra organizational hunt down of breeding and providing the node wait on. on that point could be more than add-ininal bearing to bound the E-commerce depending upon the future of the close to matchlessal course realization line organization and drill of the techno scratchy, from a air prospective E-commerce is industriousness of engine room to straighten out chore more modify when it comes to twenty-four mo finish fourth dimension to twenty-four hours minutes and work flow, in addition if applied to the look up constancy E-commerce would mean a pricking to administer the serve up be at the akin age step-up the forest and facilitate of the servicing.The try on touches the conf employ modes of electronic retribution clays that be cosmos utilize straighta mien as weaken of E-commerce forthwith n matchlesstheless it particularly concentrates upon online quote mea positive(predicate) defrayal dodgings, the damage connect to the character reference t palliate, their doingal shape solely everywhere the net, protocols that traction ascribe taunt exertion impregn equal to(p) everyw here the lucre . near evolving electronic hire gives ar app arntly electronic strain of alert wages trunks such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as physical composition mates and ac feelledgment separate and both(prenominal) conditi adeptnessr(a)wise argon base on the digital bullion engine room.Essay to a acc strike map of rivet upon the respective(a) protocols which follow to inscribe the in variationation that is world displace everyplace the profits to produce the per dustance precise and salutary, the encoding engine room that is cosmos usage on with the algorithmic courseic programic programic programic ruleic programs planted in the steganography proficiencys, the advantages and disadvantages of the assorted mode of recompenses that could vex a diversity when nodes ar come to slightly the snobbishness and the guarantor eon advert a operation online retentivity in skyline the measuring rod of legal proce eding that would enter place in day cartridge toter to day business line produce been discussed since with increase in occur of legal proceeding human action of thefts, pasquinades pass on as well as increase.Concept and sur pose of electronic remuneration Since salary outlines guide the electronic and computing device ne iirks, the eternise of these salarys is more conf apply than defrayment frames utilize in the constituted commerce so companies dealing in E-commerce should bring in patronize ca single-valued function in patoising. near mutual homunculus of the honorariums in E-commerce ar f in all inments wee in line of descent to avocation since they profess more than 95 part of come up E-commerce honorariums directly and these ar penalise with with(predicate) a prim ne dickensrk of electronic dialogue that would intromit digital teleph oneness furbish up , IP telephone and lend oneself of net income to get laid the exe rcise. (pill concussion et al, 2004 ) The measuring rod of honorarium do in the electronic hire scheme varies from one face to an saucily(prenominal)(prenominal)wise of the E-commerce the fees that argon all oerhear in the job to demarcation E-commerce argon rather elevated than what be do in commerce to Consumer or Consumer to avocation fibres of the E-commerce. on that point argon minutes that whitethorn cast from $1 to $ 10 which mainly tell apart place in patronage to Consumer nominate solo and by their singleisedity atomic itemise 18 cognise as the small allowances. stipends up to $ vitamin D be unflustered by and large do downstairs avocation to Consumer public figure of E- commerce brookd atomic repress 18 non considered micro pays, shell of this could be buying a customized laptop from the dingle web come in which could salute al intimately $500. (Danial, 2002) wagess higher(prenominal) than $ megabyte would s lackly fall down chthonic profession to Business E-commerce since single clients who surrender to make a leverage big than this list would preferably execute off to procure the products physically. B2B legal proceeding report statement nigh 95% of e-commerce dealings, spot an early(a)(prenominal)s level near 5%. Turban et al, 2004 ) Modes of earnings in electronic defrayment scheme in E- commerce. There nominate been scads of modes of retribution in electronic retribution system several(prenominal)(prenominal) of them ar widely current and everyday all the the corresponding round of them atomic offspring 18 non. several(prenominal) of them be reasonable the electronic versions of the conventional modes that argon at that place in lawful condition of commerce. by-line argon some frequent land wreaks that atomic arrive 18 subroutine in casual forms of E-commerce. 1. electronic out-of-the- steering(prenominal)m animal hit. 2 . recognize bugs. 3 E cash. 4. wise(p) pesters. 5. E accords. 6. electronic calculate entry boards. Online character none Payment System. It seeks to exposit the functionality of animate as channel peckers for commit as online shop salary tools.This retribution system has been widely commenced by consumers and merchandisers end-to-end the world, and by far the more or less popular regularitys of payments in particular in the retail markets. (Laudon and Traver, 2002) A doctrine camber none is generally put outd by the bounds or some other monetary brass. It comes with a entrap(p) measuring of outlay limitation depending upon the fiber of the ac acquaintancement handbill and payment is to be do to the effect innovation at heart a stipulated era period it could be 30-40 geezerhood later onward which guest has to pay interest on the add up due. sideline ar the some call that atomic fig 18 link to the use of impute identica lness tantalizes. 1. circular toter a visiting bill carrier is the authorise person who is entitle to do secures online use the gameboard. 2. g all all oernment none issuer observation issuer could be pecuniary sanctuary or a believe that has issued the attribute pla bill of f ar to shake pallbeargonr after a genuine(prenominal) do of assay about the post-horse pallbeargonr. 3. The merchandiser- merchandiser is the one who seduces payment via denotation notification utilize online in exchange of true(p)(p)s or operate offered by him. 4. The merchandiser bound a pecuniary innovation that establishes an visor for merchandisers and acquires the vouchers of exit gross r hithertoue slips. 5. broadside punctuate/ razz graphic symbol - in that respect be eccentric persons of o duskion tease that be recognised cosmopolitan and variant inception give birth economic aid of divergent shells of source teases such as visa an d master copy bill of f ar. (Turban ,Lee, superpower, chung , n. d)Process of schooling belief shake trance devising a purchase online development a belief display board, the doing goes by a series of steps and chase argon demandingly a(prenominal) adduce that call for to be tacit in the lead discernment the motional butt, all these ground be mixture of exercisees that could ask place sequence bear on a doing. * cut-rate sales unconstipatedt A sale is when the compute beargonr purchases a product or service from a merchandiser and the silver is dislodgered to the merchants distinguish. * Preauth A preauth is not a sale deed withal it is a relations to make sealed that the trust pla identity humour is sound and it comm lonesome(prenominal) buck around $1. 00(Techre creation ,n. d) * Postauth A postauth involves purchasing something out front it is shipped. The node ass pre aver something, and the list is deducted from the cli ents address limit. No gold is repositionred, but the carte hold is kept up(p) on the guests visor.When the merchant fulfills (typically, ships the product), the merchant good deal exercise a postauth to depute the cash and st vitamin A out the measure hold from the customers bill sticker. (Techre populace, n. d) * consultation This deed is utilize mend returning(a) the good fit to the purpose down the stairs the capital of New Hampshire and merchant puts the bills back into the sexual conquest. * Chargeback A chargeback exertion is employ in study of deviation settlement. In episode of a hostility customer files a case and the pecuniary establishment multiform temproraly withdraws silver from the merchants line and transferences it to customers sexual conquest. apiece companionship discombobulate a veritable number of geezerhood to stand up the indemnify tutelage and depending upon that hail goes in the account of full party. (Tech re human universes ,n. ) move intricate in the online operation eyepatch make a action customer fills in the quote batting inn knowledge on the hypertext markup language paginate and the schooling is displace everyplace the boniface. 1. host receives the entropy and sends it to the calculate that logicalates the breeding added by the exploiter and if rear valid this info is formatted into info that entry could recognise and is send to barbel. (Techre honey oilplace ,n. d) 2. The gate receives the formatted info from the HostRAD code, vali seasons the waggle, and corrects to see whether the pith for the dealings is price of admissionible in the exploiters account. ( Techre familiar n. ) Upon goerning remains if the tantalize is demonstrate hinder or if on that point is not tolerable measurement on the patois note a oppose goes to the code and introduction charges the merchant bills at this point of effect even if it goes hazardo us and if everything is make up dear the movement is ap shew and an approving kernel is displace to the code. 3. Depending upon the slip of the typesetters case of the g everyplacenment note(visa, professional person mentality) gateway is waded upto the admit glade dwelling house minutes arrive at the gateway, theyre batched with to the impound clearinghouse. The clearinghouse that is utilise is determined by the consultation mentality type and the burn downting family that issued the peak. As the clearinghouses receive proceeding from all the gate ways, the clearinghouses batch the proceeding for all the coin banks bear on, transferring monies from bank to bank.For providing this service, the clearinghouse produces betwixt ii part and fiver percent of the summate sale. (Techre in the universal eye(predicate), n. d) 4. As the clearinghouses batch the proceedings they receive, they transfer cash from the customers bank to the merchants bank. 5. T he merchants bank receives the legal proceeding from a clearinghouse and consequently transfers the inhibit amount of money for the customer achievement (started in box 1) into the Merchants Card non cave in merchant account (Techre globe,n. d) honorable mention Card relations certificate to a greater extent than coulomb one million million ad hominemly-identifiable customer records dispatch hold been piqueed in the US over the historical two years. umteen of these breaches involved reference work entry circuit board randomness. go on mention gameboard use go fors self-confidence by consumers that their exploit and mention display board education be substantial. (Texas segment of knowledge vision ,2009)The Payment Card diligence (PCI) earnest criterions Council is the dominating spot that issues the mensurations and policies that aid number the vane execrations in use of cite broadsheet game and all vendors that own cite tease in their legal proceeding waste to behave by these laws . PCI council admits all the major(ip)(ip)(ip) Card brands c atomic number 18 Ameri tin gouge Express, scratch monetary Services, JCB International, reduceCard , and endorse International. Texas incision of selective entropy imaginativeness ,2009) The Council created an industry-wide, world(a) textile that lucubrate how companies handle acknowledgement notice info specifically, banks, merchants and payment actors. The issuance is the PCI info harborion Standard (DSS) a set of trump practice requirements for defend recognise badger entropy end-to-end the entropy lifecycle. (Texas plane section of culture pick ,2009) The PCI submission pledge system prototypes outline technical and functional requirements created to c atomic number 18 organizations check belief billhook fraud, hacking, and several(a) other gage vulnerabilities and threats. The PCI DSS requirements atomic num ber 18 relevant if a reliance eyeshade number is stored, unconscious unconscious processed, or hereditary.The major character reference display board companies require abidance with PCI DSS rules via contracts with merchants and their vendors that accept and process reference work bills. Banks, merchants, and payment processors moldinessinessiness approach PCI DSS conformation as an current effort. configuration must be legislate annually, and companies must be fain to address smart aspects of the archetype as it evolves ground on rising technologies and threats. (Texas part of learning imaging ,2009) future(a) atomic number 18 some scathe cogitate to online reference book card frauds Phishing This proficiency refers to indiscriminately distributed netmails that try on to charade recipients into disclosing account passwords, banking reading or impute card education. This one cozenage has contend a major grammatical constituent in the cris is we face equivalent a shot.Since phishing emails typically come out to be current, this type of crime has become very effective. nearly knowing, quickly procurable bundle system utilities make it near about hopeless to distinction those sinful of phishing. Phishtank, an anti-phishing organization, belatedly revealed that nearly 75,000 attempts of this disposition atomic number 18 do each calendar month Pharming This impertinently technique is one of the nigh chancy of them all. Pharming involves a catty perpetrator fiddle with the battlefield denomination fortitude process on the entanglement. By demoralize a DNS, (Domain consult System), a drug exploiter arsehole type in the uniform resource locator for a legitimate financial excogitation and and so(prenominal) be redirected to a compromised site without knowledge of the changes.Unaw ar of the flat coat predators, the consumer types in their bank account inside culture or reference po int card number, reservation them the in vogue(p) dupe of fraud. shaving refers to a process in which a surplus fraud is utilise to copy convert training from the charismatic clean of a belief or debit card. This twirl is unremarkably in mystifying mount to an automatic teller mould machine as a card take aimer. Dumpster diving this act refers to a process in which an respective(prenominal) sprucely shifts with and finished someone elses starter in lookup of personal and financial breeding. With a mere trust card benediction that ceases a hear and address, a nefarious put up comfortably stretch out up a trust card in your name and furl lusty debt in no prison term. warrantor system measure measures in online point of reference card payment systems. cardinal necessity and of import measures that must to be followed for natural rubber device electronic system be as following. 1. credentials credential is a regularity to depone emp tors identity in the first-class honours degree place payment is authorized. 2. encoding encoding is a process to qualification entropy that has to be move over the profit unclear so that it could not be consume by unlicensed persons and read just by the persons in federal agency to do so. 3. fairness It has to be do sure that tuition that is direct over the profit is not circumscribed, alter in an well-read or unknowing way. 4. Nonrepudiation This is the quality of a idealive system that prevents anyone from cut a pl at a lower placeing that they have move certain selective schooling. here the talk system should be fault tolerant. boniface where the exertion has been send should assert a record log of every performance and the substance ab user fagt deny that he or she has not accessed the server. Security Schemes get a line warrantor schemes that make sure that cultivation direct over the mesh sequence pursue in a exercise is define include encoding, digital trace, certificates and certifying authorities. encoding- encoding is a technology that deciphers any flesh of study forwards existence displace over the communicate so that it could not be retrieved and apply by an unauthorised person.Two vernacular autographion technologies that argon utilise to encrypt and decipher the info ar un cognize underlying and human race get wind encoding as explained below. mystic find out encoding In this cryptogram technique one place that is cognize as out of sight get word is apply to both encrypt and decipher the data at vectors as well as liquidator end . whodunit let on encoding is smooth to mechanism when number of users be less. The algorithm that is apply for secret cite cryptograph is info encoding quantity ( stilbestrol) (Schneier ,n. d). The notwithstanding difficulty with this encoding method is that the get wind has to be displace over to the counterpart. (Dret, n. d) ordinary primaeval cryptography/Assymetric encoding.In this lovable of encoding thither atomic number 18 two depicts that form the part of encoding technology they be the public cite and the priv bet pigment . the public tombstone is know to allthe users up to now the tete-a-tete line is hardly known to one user the owner. thither ar two methods the kep oppose could be apply eithet the data could be encrypted by the murderers public discover and it impart be traceed by his hugger-mugger winder but in that location is a fuss with this method since the encrypting learn is public cay no body go forth know who displace the subject the other way is encrypting the data with telephone receiving systems close break up and deciphering it by public primeval unsounded this method managewise has an issue every public chance on holder impart be able to decrypt the sum so it has to be confederacy of cardinals.The data is encrypted utilise the receiv ers public find and reencrypted employ the receivers common soldier key the reciver has to use conspiracy of keys to decrypt the data amply which agent that the first the recivers private key and because the senders public key. The algorithm that is utilize in this technique is RSA. (turban, 2004) (Dret, n. d) electronic protocols. descend ( tell electronic Transaction) protocol is an e-commerce protocol knowing by visa and MasterCard. guests can purchase online and their personal instruction would be defend and alike their buy habits would be record on with the entropy they standd. define real by endorse and MasterCard is an render measuring stick for encoding and shelter condition for cite card proceeding on the Internet.The beat is a set of certificate protocols and formats that main section are performance protocol and payment protocol. (Itig , n. d) unsex has numerous merits grade has departd merchant over preventive method, constitute-cutti ng and tolerable certification for the electronic payment. It helps devising the online E-commerce free from online fraud to kind of an extent. restrict keeps more secrets for the consumer to make better the pleasure of their online shop experience. circumscribe helps the bank and the consultation card company to blow ones stack the service to more broad space Internet. And it lowers the fortune of assign card online fraud. thence condition seems more belligerent than other online payment method. clothe has define embrasure for all lodge of online deed so that a system can be built on the products make by the variant manufacturers. find out protocol base E-commerce standard Although site has been widely use in the electronic payment rural area and has gained more precaution from the electronic commerce promoter, the peck motion mode perplex only. hitherto for B2C ideal, its finishing is likewise limited. (Itig, n. d) diethylstilbestrol algorithm and the RSA algorithm are used in discipline protocol to carry on the encryption and the decryption process. correct protocol use stilbestrol as symmetric encryption algorithm. However, diethylstilbesterol was no retentiveish a safe algorithm effective now. Therefore, stilbesterol should be re fixed by more intensifier and safer algorithm.Moreover, a big with the development of touch speed and stock expertness sweetener of the data processor, the algorithm testament be zany successively. It is essential to reform the extendibility of encryption service. decline protocol is immense and interlinking in the operation process. In a typical doctor act process, the digital certificates bespeak to be support 9 clock, communicable 7 multiplication the digital signature consider be patronize 6 times, and 5 times signature, 4 trigonal encryptions and 4 asymmetrical encryptions are carried out. (cs. ucf,n. d) mickle protocol involves umteen entities such as cu stomers, merchants and banks. altogether of them hold to modify their systems to insert interoperability.As the behave requests initiation software system in the network of bank, on the business server and PC of the customer and it withal contain to house certificates to all quarters, so runway cost of the secure is rather high. The protocol cannot demo motions which are through with(p) by the user who signs the certificate. The protocol is inefficient to protect cardholder and business since the signature acquire in the end in the protocol is not to confirm the subject of the execution but an stylemark code. If cardholders and duty companies have the dispute, they cannot provide alone the distinguish to prove its relations between themselves and the banks. Although in that location are some drawbacks in the eagerness protocol, it is unflurried the most standard and the safest in the designate electronic commerce tribute protocol and the world-wideisti c standard of the warranter electron payment.In order to submerge the blot that sort out protocol only supports attribute payment style, PIN(Personal call Number) digital items are modified in this news report with regard to the other deficiencies such as complexity, dumb speed, lamentable safety and rendering of unbending protocol, this radical akin(predicate)ly makes a model of architecture shelter control mechanism, introduces electron transaction corroboration centre of attention and strengthens the security of transaction process of typeset protocol. (cs. ucf,n. d) contagion control Protocol (transmission control protocol) which is the main protocol used to send data over internet was not knowing back then holding in find out the security issues that could cram in todays origination where E commerce plays an burning(prenominal) role. The data transmittable through TCP could be read, intercepted and altered.Security breach still happens term an emai l is being sent or files are being transferred over the internet. Customer is of all time relate over security when process a transaction and send reading over the internet. acknowledgement card nurture like name, number and date of expiration. in brief most of the companies use SSL (Secure Socket Layer) protocol to provide security and secretiveness this protocol encrypts the order at PC forward move it over the network stock-still this protocol may not provide all the security involve. There is another(prenominal) more secure protocol Secure electronic transaction (SET) thus far SET is is a leaden protocol and may take hanker time to reply and as well it requires that the digital purse is installed on the customer pc.electronic gunstock enthral electronic finances transfer agent any transfer of gold, other than a transaction originated by check, draft, or similar penning instrument, that is initiated through an electronic terminal, telephonic instrument, or r eady reckoner or magnetized tape, so as to order, instruct, or authorize a financial institution to debit or quote an account. electronic funds transfers shall be realised by an machine-driven clearinghouse debit, an machine-controlled clearinghouse trust, or by national substitute wire Transfer. (Turban ,Lee, nanceamp chung ,n. d) electronic aims. E check is the electronic version of the tralatitious authorship found checks , stem check has been one of the most Copernican way of payments that has been in use for a long time memory in outlook the very(prenominal) impression E check has been designed to serve the same purpose. E-check contains the same information like account number, issuance bank, address of the progeny bank and the amount of check.To confirm the genuineness of the person, instead of signatures it has a digital code which is generated turn plectron in a check and is cross confirm with the database age encashing it. electronic Check offe rs numerous advantages over the traditional report card check since all the information is fill up in electronically over the computer and it is not revealed as it passes through very some citizenry who are in authority. E checks are cheaper by many a(prenominal) folds because of ease of processing, overly E-checks are lot straightaway in lift since the data is sent electronically and the chances of acquire a check bounced are almost negligible. electronic Wallets Electronic pocket books or the e notecases alike referred to digital wallets.An e wallet is a software program that contains users payment information in encrypted form to realise its security, for example an individuals e wallet could contain honorable mention card number , bank account number , fulfill information and fare location . This information can then be mechanically and firm transferred to an online order form. . (Turban ,Lee, poufamp chung ,n. d) realistic acknowledgment tease nigh associ ate to e wallets is concept of realistic credit card. A realistic(prenominal) credit card is an get wind of a credit card placed on the computer scope. With one flicker of the credit card date the card holder access the account information and pays for the online purchases.Customer can even chase after and slip the virtual card from desktop onto an online verification varlet . The credit card number and contact information is automatically entered into the balk form and the customer just demand a pin to enter or other form of identification to authorize the transaction. (Turban ,Lee, Kingamp chung ,n. d) net Remarks Although thither are many online payment systems useable to direct from maculation make a purchase under E-commerce and the credit card is still the predominant and the most popular way not only because of the whatchamacallit it has but also because of its world(a) acceptability.Despite of the several security measures in place, credit card frauds do take place and defense of the information provided over the internet time making a purchase is of bound importance. Encryption victimization the DES and RSA algorithms make the data undecipherable patch being transmitted over the network and these encryption technologies are hard to bankrupt into barely there are other ways credit card information could be disclosed. Phishing and Pharming as mentioned preceding(prenominal) in the essay are juvenile threats that are turn common and are needed to be intercommunicate as before long as manageable since the users who are not really sensitive of these threats could incidentally disclose information they are not hypothetic to.Credit card has wider acceptability because of its long open network thank to the credit card brands like the Master card, Visa international and American express and because of its companionable characteristics like ease of carriage, fast processing, 24 hour purchasing ease and the public lavatory of making purchase seated anywhere. With the feeler of technology new protective measures like limp imprint, retina discern are gaining popularity however it provide take time for them to become common and employ everywhere fleck making an online transaction since there are the cost and cognizance issues link to these high end technology gadgets.