Captivity Narrative Essay Example for Free

immurement Narrative EssayCaptivity fibs were commonly popular in the 1700s by both(prenominal) European and American populations. Captivity archivess in America portrayed either whites enslaved by savages or the African enslaved by the white slave owner. Captivity narratives were indite to confront the reader of aces experiences while being in captivity. Two authors who wrote a couple of these narratives are Mary Rowlandson and Olaudah Equiano. Mary Rowlandsons narrative is entitled, A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson. The title of Olaudah Equianos narrative is The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavas Vassa, the African, Written by Himself. Captivity narratives test a persons faith and his or her ability to survive in a specific given situation. Both authors must pick out to survive in a different close. Both desire their freedom, but fear the dangers of escape. Rowlandson relies on her religious strength t o help her through her suffering, while Equiano relies on his example and eventually religious strength to help him through his suffering.Examining these two narratives will show similarities and differences in their part but will ultimately show the reason for the narrative which was to sway a persons way of thinking. Both Equiano and Rowlandson were living an ordinary life until they were torn away. Equiano was living a freewheeling life, enjoying his time growing up in his village along with his family. That day came to an end when he and his sister were captured and sell into slavery.Equiano states, One day, when all our people were foregone out to their works as usual, and only I and my dear sister were left to mind the house, two men and a women got over our walls, and in a moment seized us both, and without giving us time to cry out, or make resistance, they stopped our mouths, and ran off with us in the warm wood (690). Rowlandsons narrative begins with Native Americans attacking her village as they come upon her house and set fire to it. As Rowlandson attempts to leave her home, she is captured.Rowlandson states, The Indians laid hold of us, pulling me one way, and the children another, and said, Come go along with us I told them they would kill me they answered, if I were willing to go along with them, they would not hurt me (258). The similarity of both narratives is that both were enjoying their lives until they abruptly changed. The difference is that Equiano was a child, not knowing much about the world while Rowlandson was an adult and knew the dangers of being a colonist. Both authors once confined had to adapt to their surroundings.Equiano experienced m both different cultures before being bought in Virginia as a slave. Equiano taught himself how to expand his knowledge after being taught by missy Guerin and under the tutelage of a schoolmaster the basics of reading and writing. Equiano states, Nor did I leave my kind patronesses, the M iss Guerins, without uneasiness and regret. They often used to teach me to read, and took capacious pains to instruct me in the principles of religion and the knowledge of God (703). Equianos thirst for knowledge growing up would help lead him to his freedom.Similarly, Rowlandson learned the culture of the natives to help her survive hunger and starvation. There came an Indian to them at that time with a basket of horse liver. I asked him to give me a piece. What, says he, can you give horse liver? I told him, I would tryso that I was fain to take the rest and eat it as it was, with the blood about my mouth, and just a savory bit it was to me (266). While both learned their new cultures, Equianos purpose was to gain knowledge to eventually free him, and Rowlandsons purpose was for survival.Both Equiano and Rowlandson desired their freedom, but also feared the dangers of escape. Equiano was in a civilized area, but the realization of being alone in an attempt to get keystone hom e was diminishing. Equiano expresses, I had before entertained hopes of getting home, and had determined when it should be dark to make the attempt but I was now convinced it was fruitless, and began to cypher that, if possible I could escape all other animals, I could not those of human kind (692).Rowlandson was in the wilderness and she had no idea how close she was to the nearest colony. As Rowlandson is speaking with another English captive about escaping, she states, I wished her not to run away by any means, for we were near thirty miles from any English town (263). Rowlandson not only feared being caught after escape, but she also feared of being lost in the wilderness with the wild animals. Rowlandson wrote, Heart-aching thoughts here I had about my poor children, who were scattered up and down among the wild beasts of the forest (264).Both authors adapted to surroundings to help them survive their captivity. Both authors have to hope on religious and moral strength to hel p them endure their captivity. Rowlandson believes in Christianity, and that helped her to survive her captivity. She believes everything happens for a reason and that God was testing her faith. Rowlandson in her reflection of psalm quotes, Oh that my people had hearkened to me, and Israel had walked in my ways, I should soon have subdued their enemies, and turned my hand against their adversaries (265).On the other hand, Equiano has no knowledge of Christianity in his early puerility and yet it wasnt till his adulthood that he understood white Christianity. Equiano knew being part of the white Christianity would help him earn his freedom. Equiano had to rely on his moral strength, in the beginning, to be free and his religious strength to withstand his captivity. Equiano wrote, I regard myself as a particular favorite of Heaven, and acknowledge the mercies of Providence in every occurrence of my life (688). Both authors justify their captivity with the grace of God and that it was a testament of their faith.Captivity narratives were popular during the 1700s with many readers. Although Equiano and Rowlandson write their narrative with captivity as the main subject, both endured entirely different situations. Rowlandson thought she was captured by the savages, but she realizes she was never treated unjustly. Equiano, on the other hand, was supposedly captured and sold into slavery by the civilized population, but he was treated inhumanely. Both authors hoped to open the eyes of others to see the injustices of being a captive.

Joseph Conrad’s The Heart of Darkness Essay Example for Free

Joseph Conrads The Heart of Darkness EssayJoseph Conrads The Heart of Darkness has foreshadowing that adds a lot of suspense throughout the book. Conrad used foreshadowing through minor details that are not clearly stated and are to be understand as the book continues. The setting of the bookon a small sailing craft on a river as night fallsand Marlows comparison, by implication, of the sorry heart of Africa (the Belgian Congo) and the barbarian darkness on the northern fringes of the Roman Empire, both are examples of irony and foreshadowing. In the beginning Marlow is remembering what it may have been like to be a young Roman conqueror exploring through the jungle. He would have had to deal with cold, fog, tempests, disease, exile, and death Marlow mentions how the soldier would have had a fascination of the abomination . by and byward in the book this same fascination overcame Kurtz after his long time in the Congo, he hates sometimes the idea of being taken away . uncon stipated when Marlow finds Kurtz, he cant break the spell the heavy mute spell of the wilderness that seemed to draw him to its pitiless breast by the awakening of disregarded and brutal instincts When Marlow begins to share his story about an earlier sea voyage, he shares with his fellow mates a story about how one of their captains was killed because of a employment that arose over two black hens. Fresleven, one of the men in the fight, began to beat a native because of his desire for the hen. The natives son broke up the fight and made a tentative jab with a spear at the white man and of course it went quite easy between the get up blades .Marlow then takes Freslevens job as captain of the ship, stepping into his shoes. Later on in the book when Marlows ship is under a light attack, his helmsman was speared through the ribs, causing him to die. Blood filled Marlows shoes, and he threw them overboard. This is an example of foreshadowing, because Marlow fills Freslevens shoes without realizing the full extent of the job. It also an example of irony, because when Fresleven, a smooth white man is killed, nobody was shaken, yet when the savage was speared Marlow was full of regret. some other example of irony is that Africa is constantly being described as a dark and gloomy place in the novel, but the Europeans are the ones that actually have the dark hearts.The Africans only get violent because they want to keep their culture alive, and the Europeans are willing to throw that away as long as they earn a profit. The only reason the Europeans wanted to invade Africa was for commercial benefits, and that is dark Another example of foreshadowing is the two women knitting black wool outside the office Marlow visited before he went on his journey. The color black often appears to Marlow when he is headed for trouble.. The women were sitting outside, drawing in unsuspecting youth ready for adventure, yet unaware of the danger ahead.Later in the book when Marlo w is pursuit Kurtz into the dark, dangerous forest, he reflects that the knitting old women with the cat obtruded herself upon my memory as a most improper person to be sitting at the other end of much(prenominal) an affair . Conrad used irony and foreshadowing by describing the different scenes in a very dark tone that when looking back at them after certain events happen in the book show the way that specific narration such ,as the ladys knitting black wool, links to the events following it.

Moral Frameworks of Terrorists

Moral Frameworks of TerroristsThis paper discusses, with reference to two examples, whether terrorists puke orison to a unvarying moral simulation. Terrorism can be, and indeed, roughly usually is defined in the literature, as a strategy of violence that is designed to promote a desired out semen through and through instilling headache in the public at large. at that place argon, however, disagreements amongst mevery academics, from semipolitical science, law and pitying rights analysts, as to the definition of terrorism that should be put ond in practice, as some academics argue that the motives that fuel some terrorists ar politically valid. The definition of terrorism currently in use by the UN is, all act mean to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a organization or an international organisation to do, or abstain from doing, each act. (Annan, 2005).Regardless of the particular definition of terrorism that is employed, terrorist acts argon generally defined through their violence, the psychological impact of the act, the political goal of the act and the fact that they are usually perpetrated against civilians, or non-combatants. Obviously, as a result of these factors, terrorism is regarded, everywhere, as unlawful and an mother fucker means of achieving the ends that are sought, exactly as the famous saying goes, one mans terrorism is a nonher mans freedom hero sandwich. Recent events shake up brought this to the fore, with the warfare in sheepskin coatistan bringing back numerous memories for the United States government, who supported the Afghan Mujahideen as freedom fomenters during the United States war with the Soviet Union, but recently, the United States government branding breakaway Afghan groups as terrorists, and launching a war in Afghanistan to stop them in their terrorist acts. Nelson Mandela, ex-President of reciprocal ohm Africa, a nd Nobel Laureate, was once brand a terrorist and was imprisoned for decades for his terrorist acts a definition for terrorism, and the word terrorist thus looks to be flexible, depending on the political context and the aims that are trying to be achieved by the sight supporting the country in which the terrorist is present. What is certain, however, is that the people committing the stated acts of terrorism wholly believe in what they are fighting to achieve, and, as such, perform some sort of moral manakin to justify their actions and their beliefs. This paper is interested in how and why these frameworks are constructed and whether terrorists can ever appeal to a unchanging moral framework for their actions.As Bandura (1990) argues, terrorists are able to morally disengage through many psychological routes, and, as such, it is a societal responsibility to moderate civilised conduct through social systems which uphold compassionate behaviour and which denounce, and renounce , cruelty in any form. As Bandura (1990) argues, moral standards do not operate as fixed internal regulators of conduct, but rather, self-regulatory mechanisms do not engage until they are activated, and there are many ways in which these regulatory mechanisms can be disengaged, allowing the egression of different types of conduct with the same moral standards. Bandura (1990) further argues that political diversity and the toleration of public expressions of scepticism create the conditions that allow the emergence of challenges to suspect moral appeals, such that if societies are to safeguard against the occurrence of terrorism, they must establish social safeguards against the misuse of institutional justificatory powers for ends which are exploitative and destructive. As such, Bandura (1990) seems to be joust that it is the fault of the state, which has not ensured a proper, functioning, framework for the non- visual aspect of terrorism, which allows terrorism to grow, not tha t terrorists themselves are at fault. This type of argument does not require an appeal to moral consistency or moral frameworks on the part of the terrorist, but rather argues that terrorists are a product of a dysfunctional society, which is liable for the appearance of terrorists.Further to this, Atram (2006) concludes that suicide terrorism cannot be explained by a single political root cause, such as the presence of foreign military forces or the absence of democracy, as other factors such as psychological motivations, or religious inspirations can too contribute to the desire to undertake terrorist acts. As Atram (2006) argues, any simplistic accounts of terrorism, why it happens and what leads people to become terrorists, are bound to failure as terrorists dedicate underlying moral values and group dynamics which are complex themselves and also intertwined in a complex manner. Only when these root causes are fully understood by decision-makers will organisational and ideolo gical solutions that could defuse the curse of terrorism be found (Atram, 2006). As such, as Atram (2006) argues, terrorists make believe a consistent moral framework within which they work, allowing them to unilaterally act, in concert, to achieve their ends.There have been many terrorist acts in recent history, including the Munich massacre in 1972, during the Olympic Games, bombardment of flights including Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, gas attacks in Tokyo, bombing campaigns in Ireland by the IRA, the 9/11 attacks on the United States and, following this, the Bali bombings, the London and Madrid bombings. Terrorism is a tactic that has been used for a pertinacious time to achieve political ends, but it has recently come to the fore through the massive loss of life in the 9/11 bombings, and the sequent wars, as this was an attack against the currently most powerful nation on Earth, on home soil, killing thousands of innocents. Terrorism, as a political tool, has therefore come to be used almost as a daily term, in the media, by academics, in family homes, and, indeed, the populace is scared, perhaps by hyper coverage of terrorism in the media, perhaps by the attacks themselves, but, for whatever reason, the populace is scared, and so the terrorists are winning, under the definitions of terrorism which have been discussed herein.The current paper will discuss two examples of terrorist groups in order to assess the moral framework to which they adhere, to assess whether this framework is consistent, and, if, indeed, it can ever be argued that terrorists can appeal to a consistent moral framework.Colombia has been problematic in what is termed an armed struggle for the past four decades, since the death of Gaitan in the 1960s, when the FARC and the ELN were founded, ironically, as a call to stop La Violencia which had begun following Gaitans death. At this time, these two guerrilla groups campaigned for peace, for free elections and for the return of a leftist government. The FARC and the ELN have, however, in recent decades, become embroiled in the drugs trade, gaining money through the drugs trade in order to fund their war on the Colombian government, and their fight for peace in Colombia. In response to this, it is k instantaneouslyn that the current administration funded paramilitary groups to fight against the guerrillas1, although the paramilitary groups have themselves become embroiled in the drugs trade and are known to have committed acts of terrorism against civilians and non-combatants, such that there is now a war between the guerrillas and the paramilitaries.Thus, the land site in Colombia is extremely complex. FARC and ELN guerrillas began with the stated aim of returning Colombia to peace, through the instigation of free elections, seeking a solid political end to La Violencia. Their moral framework was just that a moral framework through which they were seeking to return Colombia to some semblance of popularit y. However, as we have seen, and because it is so easy, in a country where it is so difficult to earn a living any other way, the guerrilla groups became embroiled in the drugs trade, and, as such, their moral framework for committing terrorist acts has changed, and indeed, the way in which they commit their terrorist acts has changed, with IRA terrorists training the guerrillas in bombing tactics, and these being used on Colombian military targets, alas to great effect, with the concomitant loss of many lives. Thus, the Colombian case is extremely complex, with guerrilla groups starting out with mainly political aims, but with these same groups now largely fighting to retain control of their share of the drugs trade, cause armed combat between members of these guerrilla groups and government-backed paramilitaries whenever they come in to contact.Thus, the FARC and the ELN, although they started out as political terrorists are now seen as groups which use their skills to dominate the drugs trade, through the taking of national territory and the submission of hundreds of thousands of farmers in the regions in which they hold territory. The moral framework that these terrorist groups adhere to has, therefore, firstly, radically changed over the period of activity, and has taken a far less helpful turn, in terms of terrorising a whole country and causing problems for Colombia in terms of international relations, economic development and human rights subject areas. The FARC and ELN, if they adhere to any framework at all, for their actions, certainly cannot argue that this framework is in any way moral and it certainly has not been consistent. As such, for these groups of terrorists, who literally hold a country to ransom, there can be no argument of a consistent moral framework that is in place, and there can be no argument for the existence of any consistent moral framework for the human rights abuses they cause and the economic and political havoc they creat e for Colombia.The next terrorist group we shall look at is the Sendero Luminoso ( flare grade) of Peru, which was formed as a political guerrilla group, in response to Perus military dictatorship, with the stated aim of achieving free elections within Peru and placing a communist party in control of Peru, through the Pensamiento Gonzalo ideology (named later on the thinking of Guzman, the Shining runnings leader). The Shining Path took to violent means as a way of achieving its stated aims, and, indeed, is known to be responsible for some of the worst massacres in Peruvian history, with Perus human rights record being atrocious, on account of the atrocities committed by the Shining Path. The Shining Path seized control of large areas of Peru, but their communist ideas were never popular with the Peruvian populace, and so their guerrilla war began to lose support and its base began to falter. The Shining Path support fell dramatically following Guzmans capture in 1992, and the ca pture of his successor several years later, with its successor movement, Proseguir, having very few supporters and arguing mainly for the release of former Shining Path members.In terms of the moral framework of the Shining Path, their aims were very clear and political in scope, although the situation was complicated as Fujimori, the Peruvian Prime Minister at the time, branded anyone who spoke against the government a terrorist (see Burt, 2006). Even though the Shining Path were plain terrorists who, it has been proven, were responsible for many civilian deaths, the Shining Path had a consistent moral framework to which they askd and which dictated their actions the installation of fabianism within Peru. This framework was the reason for the establishment of the group, and was consistent across the time during which the Shining Path was energetic within Peru. Thus, in this guerrilla group, unlike in the guerrilla groups active in Colombia, the moral framework for the Shining Pa ths actions was very clear and fixed, and consistent across the history of the Shining Path.We have therefore discussed two cases, of three guerrilla groups, two in Colombia, one in Peru, two of which (the FARC and the ELN) have evolved in their ideology and moral framework as they moved through time, and one of which (the Shining Path) had a consistent moral framework in place for their actions, which informed, supported and dictated their actions in terms of achieving their stated aims (i.e., the installation of communism within Peru). Thus, terrorists, and terrorist groups, as we have seen in the case of the FARC and ELN, can evolve and change, in terms of their aims and their objectives, and the means used to achieve these aims. As such, their moral frameworks also change and move with the new orientation.Under this analysis, it is implicit that terrorists have a moral conscience, that although this moral conscience allows them to commit acts that are considered terrorist acts b y society, they do have a moral conscience, and one that can be called upon to support their objectives and their aims, and which can be used as a way of justifying any terrorist acts that they commit. As we have seen, as Atram (2006) concludes, the emergence of terrorism cannot be explained by a single political root cause, such as the presence of foreign military forces or the absence of democracy, as other factors such as psychological motivations, or religious inspirations can also contribute to the desire to undertake terrorist acts. As Atram (2006) argues, any simplistic accounts of terrorism, why it happens and what leads people to become terrorists, are bound to failure as terrorists have underlying moral values and group dynamics which are complex themselves and also intertwined in a complex manner. Only when these root causes are fully understood by decision-makers will organisational and ideological solutions that could defuse the panic of terrorism be found (Atram, 2006 ). As such, as Atram (2006) argues, terrorists have a consistent moral framework within which they work, allowing them to unilaterally act, in concert, to achieve their ends.Thus, the FARC and the ELN, and the Shining Path, although, as we have seen, they have, and continue to, commit terrorist acts, they can call upon a moral framework for these acts, in terms of having justifiable reasons for their objectives and aims, and the way in which these objectives are achieved, such that these acts are perpetuated under what they consider to be a moral framework. That the rest of society does not see this framework as moral, under normal societal definitions of moral, is beyond them, beyond their understanding for, as Bandura (1990) argues, moral standards do not function as fixed internal regulators of conduct, but rather, self-regulatory mechanisms do not engage until they are activated, and there are many ways in which these regulatory mechanisms can be disengaged, allowing the emergen ce of different types of conduct with the same moral standards.This paper has discussed the issue of whether terrorists can appeal to a consistent moral framework. As we have seen, there are many definitions of terrorism in use in the literature, as there are disagreements as to the definition of terrorism2, as some academics argue that the motives that fuel some terrorists are politically valid. Indeed, terrorist and terrorism seem to have been, and be, somewhat flexible terms, depending on the political affiliation of the terrorist/terrorist act many people would call the acts committed by the Israelis against the Palestinians, for example, terrorist acts, but these seem to be supported by the United States government, as Israel is currently one of the highest recipients of United States foreign aid. Similarly, as we have seen, Nelson Mandela, ex-President of South Africa, and Nobel Laureate, was once branded a terrorist and was imprisoned for decades for his terrorist acts a defi nition for terrorism, and the word terrorist thus seems to be flexible, depending on the political context and the aims that are trying to be achieved by the people supporting the country in which the terrorist is present.Although the word terrorist and the term terrorism are open to interpretation, by politicians, and under international law, as we have seen3, terrorists do subscribe to what they consider to be a moral framework for their objectives, and to support their acts to achieve these objectives. As we have seen from the two examples used here, these moral frameworks can stay still throughout the history of the terrorist group (as with the Shining Path) or can change over time in response to external factors or political events (as with the FARC and the ELN). Thus, the issue of whether terrorists can appeal to a consistent moral framework, I will argue, is valid indeed, although this framework may be seen as amoral by the rest of society, the terrorist defines their object ives as moral, under a moral framework, which for them is consistent in terms of leading to desired objectives. Whether this framework is consistent across time is a matter for discussion, for, as we have seen, some terrorist groups find their objectives changing with shifting external circumstances, and, as such, their framework, whilst remaining internally morally consistent, in terms of the objectives, is not externally consistent over time. As Atram (2006) argues, terrorists have a consistent moral framework within which they work, allowing them to unilaterally act, in concert, to achieve their ends it is this framework which allows them to function, as a unit, in order to achieve their aims and objectives.ReferencesAnnan, K., 2005. Larger Freedom. Speech given to the United Nations at the Security Council Meeting on 17th March 2005.Atram, S., 2006. The moral logic and produce of suicide terrorism. The Washington Quarterly 29(2), pp.127-147.Bandura, A., 1990. Mechanisms of mora l disengagement. In Reich, W. (ed.), Origins of terrorism psychologies, ideologies, theologies, states of mind (pp.161-191). Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Burt, J-M., 2006. Quien habla es terrorista the political use of fear in Fujimoris Peru. Latin American Research Review 41(3), pp.32-62.Saul, B., 2006. Two justifications for terrorism a moral legal response. Foreign Policy in Focus, FPIF Policy Report. January 10th 2006. Available from http//www.fpif.org/pdf/papers/0601justifications.pdf Accessed on 30th April 2007.1Footnotes1 As part of their efforts to secure, and retain, money from the United States, through their War on Drugs programme.2 Although, as we have seen, the definition of terrorism currently in use by the UN is, any actintended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organisation to do, or abstain from doing, any act. (Annan, 2005). This d efinition is also used by the International Criminal Court, and by most human rights lawyers who are involved in prosecuting terrorist acts.3 with, as we have seen, for example, the war in Afghanistan bringing back many memories for the United States government, who supported the Afghan Mujahideen as freedom fighters during the United States war with the Soviet Union, but recently, the United States government branding breakaway Afghan groups as terrorists, and launching a war in Afghanistan to stop them in their terrorist acts.

Comparing a play to two poems

Comparing a play to two poemsA play, a lyric poetry and an epic poetry are ab egress of the kinds of literary works. A play is normally written by a person known as a playwright, it usually consist of script conversation among vitrines who aims at performance rather than reading. Hence, play evoke be dropd to refer to two playwrights written work as soundly as to their whole theoretical performance. A play can either be a comedy (Designed to be humorous), farce (Generally nonsensical form of a play), a satire (Generally meant to poke fun at current situations, issues, places and people), tragedy (These generally involve death or tragic events meant to make people feel sad) and historic (Focus on actual historical events and whitethorn include all other play types.) A poem is simply a com built in bed in measure form. Poems depend strongly on precise word choice, metaphors, and symbolism. 1 cannot readily characterize poetry precisely. Typically though, poetry as a kind of publications makes significant use of the real properties of the words it uses All these literary works make use of different elements which include plot, setting, theme, character and style. These elements and so become the only whentocks by which these literary works are differentiated from maven another. Analyzing the element of character in these three categories of genres will show how similar they can be and to the extent they differ.A play has three study(ip) categories of characters i.e. the protagonist, the antagonist, and the foil characters. The protagonist is the main character in a play. The word protagonist means the one who plays the first part, the chief means. The terms leading role, major character and hero are differently and sometimes not so well defined and, depending on the origin, the theme, the setting and the style may denote different concepts of a story, for example, in fiction protagonist story might be narrated from the viewpoint of a confused ch aracter. This character may be but not necessarily the narrator. An example would be a narrator who relates the fate of a protagonist, perhaps as a famous figure recalled in a historical perspective. The chief challenger of the leading role is a character known as the antagonist, who represents and creates barriers that must be overcome by the protagonist. As with a protagonist, there might be more than one antagonist in a story. Sometimes, a play may take a particular character as a protagonist in the early stages of a play hardly to dispose off that character in the later development of the play as a dramatic device to make the play interesting. Such a character is known as a false protagonist. Where a play contains sub plots, these sub plots may contain different antagonists from the main plot. In some plays, characters might not be easy to identify, since multiple plots in the plays do not allow clear identification of one as the major plot. Such characters are illustrated in horse parsley Solzhenitsyns The First Circle, showing a variety or different characters imprisoned and live in a gulag camp, or in Leo Tolstoys War and relaxation depicting 15 major characters involved or affected by a war.The antagonist in a play is the opponent, competitor or the rival of the protagonist character. This character presentments the opposition in the play for which the protagonist must fight to overcome. In other words, a person or a radical of individuals opposing the protagonist i.e. the protagonist is or are the antagonist or the antagonists. In the storys classic style whereby the in the action involves a hero contend a villain, the two parties can be considered respectively as protagonist and antagonist. The antagonist is not constantly the bad character, but simply those who oppose the major character unlike popular belief. The antagonist is in no way in any play the good guy.Play writers have as well formed more complex situations. In some situations, a stor y is told from the wicked persons point of view, and any protagonist trying to stop the wickedness can be considered as antagonist. In the story K-19 The Widowmaker an American movie of the Soviet Cold War submarine group, United States enemies as portrayed as protagonists, creating a paradox, as always the American film industry tries to portray the forces of the America as the people fighting for good and justice, which is contrary to Russia (particularly the former Soviet Union) be as the antagonists who always have maniacal intentions (like world control). Characters of that kind are typically police officers or other law enforcement bureaucrats. Antagonists and protagonists can overlap at a time, in regard to what their final objectives are considered to be.A foil is a character that contradicts another character (in most cases the protagonist) so as to put to work out the different features of the chief characters constitution and to throw the trait of the main character in to sharper relief. A halt always posses some significant ainity in common with the other character, frequently, superficial traits or personal history. A corresponding task of the foil might be accentuated by physical differences. For spokesperson Don Quixote the dreamy and impractical in Cervantes is thin in comparison to his cohort, the practical and realistic Sanco Pansa who is fat. Sherlock Holmes is tall and lean thus fit additional popular illusory character Dr. Watson is always described as middle-sized, strongly built. However, the straight man in a comedy pair is a comic foil. The other illustrates a humorous, dumb, or just unconventional one while the straight man presents a practical and serious character. The funniness in these affiliations results from the relations among these drastically different personalities. In some other cases, a subplot can always be used as a halt to the major plot. This is particularly true in the case of Meta-fiction together with the stor y within a story motif.The style with which poetry is written by the poet depends on the several(a) elements of literary works including the purpose and the message it is meant to deliver. Poetry also has characters as a play(horse parsley, 1988). This is one major similarity between a poem and a play, however, while the characters in a play are categorized into three major ways depending on the role taken by each of the characters, a poet is one major character in a poem who principally centers the theme of the poem to another character which includes both the living and non -living functions. In a play the characters are majorly human beings or living things associated with supernatural being. In a poem, the characters various greatly from places, people, objects, super naturals, etc.As we are aware, both the play and poems are of various categories. A play focuses on love, praise, politics, gods and ancestors and so on. Poetry is also categorized into the following depending on the topics as highlighted above. It is therefore only imperative that the kind of characters in both the play and a poem therefore depends on the category within which these literary works belong. Poems in some cases can be categorized into more than one category and therefore one need not to focus on this classification too much.In analyzing characters in a poem, lyric poetry is a form of poems that expresses personal feelings of the poet. For example, romantic lyric poetry consists of first-person accounts of the opinions and approaches of a definite moment feelings are tremendous, but personal. As opposed to a play Wright, the poet becomes the central attention in a lyric poem because of these personal feelings and not the characters themselves as seen in a play. The character in such a poem for example becomes the lovers, the moments shared by the duo, the features of a place or the feeling of one lover to another. One of the lovers might be the poet in which case expresses a p ersonal feeling.This is similar to a play in the sense that both have characters but entirely different from the viewpoint that in a play, the characters has particular roles such as overcoming the obstacles presented by the other character while in a poem the characters becomes the gist from which the theme and the message of the poem is derived. As noted, a play has stages where the conflict is developed, where it is at its maximum and fully developed and where finally a solution as a result of such a conflict is reached (Alexander, 1988). The role of characters in a play is therefore one of bringing out such conflicts, development the conflicts and finally availing a way of solving the conflict. This is different from the poem where majorly the poet praises, or generally gives a particular description of one character to emphasize his personal feelings towards such a character. In general, the poem may be regarded as a mere prose however, in deeper form it quiet intensely and appealingly brings out and expresses the personal feelings of the character (usually the poet) towards the other character (e.g. love). In the poem Wedding Eve by Dr. Everett Standa, Should I Or should I not Take the pesterer to love For ever this person I know little about? To love without hope?The poet here is in conversation with himself. In this poem, the poet introduces dialogue and achieves a conversational tone with himself. He is expressing his fears about marriage and the uncertainty with which man and woman take each other to the altar for matrimony. But Standa is doing it in an enquiring or questioning way. In other words, he is posing rhetorical questions which do not necessarily require immediate answers but which gives the reader an opportunity to resound upon the issues the poet is raising including his feelings. The characters in this poem are the poet and the woman who is to take him to the altar (Everett, 1999). The poet expresses his feelings and doubts towards this marriage. The woman is brought out as the centre of analysis. She is the reason the poem is composed because the poet keeps on wondering whether the woman is truly and sincerely in love with him or his riches.An epic poetry is a long narrative poem. It is mostly touch on with a serious subject with details of the heroic actions and happenings important to a culture or a country. However, the first epics were the products of pre literate communities and traditions. In these times, the epics were transmitted to the viewers and from the actor to actor purely by oral means.epics try to be constructed in the short episodes, all of equal status, interest and significance. This facilitates easy memorization as the poet recalls both episode in turn as well as using the whole episodes in recreating the complete epic to be performed. Epics present characters of high position in adventures creating a natural whole via their interactions to a major heroic figure and also through their e pisodes development that is important to the history of a country. The main character is the hero. The hero takes part generally in a repeated journey or mission, encounters opponents that try to defeat him and returns home considerably reformed by the journey. The epic hero shows characteristics, actions and exemplifying some morals that are greatly valued by the community from which the subject comes. Most heroes are repeating characters in their native cultures legends.An epic poetry is different from the lyric poetry in the sense that while the former is a long narrative poem concerned majorly with legends, the latter is a poem expressing the individual attitude of a poet. The character in an epic poem is usually a person, object, or a thing associated with some supernatural power which forms cultural and beliefs of a community. The poets articulate a peoples corporate experience it must enrich the precious safe in which the sinews of the collective group are preserved (Everett , 1999). The character therefore, offers an opportunity for shared experiences since it consists of spontaneous recollections which stir the emotions of the community. While a play might also convey the comparable legends, the protagonist character is helped by other characters to attain the appraisal status which the community sees as being of supernaturalism and hence contains some cultural associations. This therefore brings out clearly the difference in terms of characters between a play and an epic poem. The poem Nyalgunga by A. D. Amateshe, .. you led selfless life outright you return home, a hero, Crowned in silent casket Your speech and sight embalmed. You will need a guide, our son,..This poem talks about a hero who died fighting for the freedom and liberty of a community known as the Luo in Kenya. It brings out the ways and the styles of the community on burying a hero and the warm send off the Hero receives during burial (Amateshe, 2004). He becomes a memory and a mento r of the young boys in the community who holds his summon high and usually strives to be like him. The poet showers the character with praises bringing out in details the characters personality and journey that makes the members of the community view him as a hero.In conclusion therefore, the character as brought out in these three literary works shows some similarities and differences. All the three literary works makes use of characters in building and bringing out their story. In a play the characters convey the message to the audience in the same way the character in a lyric poem conveys the feelings of the poet to the audience. In an epic poem, the character usually a hero associated with supernaturalism conveys either a moral lesion or a strong warning by which the ways of a particular community lives and is shaped forming a major basis of their culture and beliefs. Of the three, however, the various characters depend on the style, the setting, the message or theme of the lit erary work. The number of characters varies in a play with its length and the message while in the other two literary works, the character is usually one. This one character becomes the centre of analysis by the poet. In a play, the main character is helped to fight against the obstacles presented by the antagonist to break up the conflict as brought out in the play. In the other two literary works the character becomes the only attraction and the centre from which the story is developed. References Alexander S. (1988). The First Circle. New York Harvill P Amateshe D. (2004). Nyalgunga. Franklin Watts American Library Association Everett S. (1999). Wedding Eve. Oxford University Oxford University Press

History of Civil Rights | Essay

History of Civil Rights EssayRacism entails the belief that almost races are more than higher-ranking to others in society. From as early as the colonial era, racism in the f altogether in States of America has been a major issue. Native Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans, Mexican Americans, American Jews, Irish Americans and some other immigrant groups and their descendants were all considered as the minority groups. Racism has many forms. However, no one is born a racist. This develops from the environment from which our children grow into.Racism in the united States of America has been a major issue ever since the slave and the colonial era. Legally endorsed racial discrimination oblige a grave burden on African Americans, Native Americans, Mexican Americans, and Asian Americans. European Americans were from the beginning at an advantage since the American law upgrade them in matters of voting rights, literacy standards, immigration, land acquisition, citizensh ip, and criminal procedure over periods of time extend from as early as the 17th ampere-second to the 1960s. Majority of the European ethnic groups, particularly Eastern Europe, Irish Americans, American Jews, Southern European immigrants, in addition other immigrants, suffered discrimination and other kinds of racism in American society.The major racially structured asylums at the time included Indian wars, slavery, segregation, Native American reservations, internment camps and residential schools (for Native Americans. In America, official racial bias was full-sizely prohibited in the mid-20th century moreover, it came to be viewed as socially intolerable. However, racial politics remained a major phenomenon in American territory. historical racism up to date has continued to be perceived in socio-economic inequality. Nevertheless, racial stratification continued to take place in all avenues in our society including government, housing, employment, housing, lending and educat ion sectors.As is the case in most countries, many people in the United States of America continue to harbor some discrimination against individuals from other races. Discrimination infiltrates almost all aspects of life in the United States of America, and it further extends to all communities of color.SLAVERYSlavery in the United States was a kind of forced labor that existed in mating America as a legal institution for over a century. This was before the United States was founded in the year 1776. Later on, slavery began to spread to the south. This continued until the thirteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution was passed in 1865. The first lot of Africans to land in the United States was brought into North America in 1619. The ship docked in Virginia carrying about 20 Africans. This was the beginning of slavery in America. Slavery gradually spread into areas with good fertile soils where large plantations of high value cash crops were being grown. The key crops bein g grown were sugar, Cotton, coffee and tobacco.During the 18th century, legislatures and colonial courts had radicalized slavery. Fundamentally this created a caste system in which slavery applied exclusively to Black Africans and other people of African origin. However, Native Americans were also occasionally turned into slaves. Between the 16th 19th centuries, more than 12 million Africans had been shipped into America to become slaves to the Americans. By the 19th century, majority of the slave holders were located in South Americas where the land was more fertile. The African slaves were managed by overseers who were usually white Americans.Slavery was a touchy subject in the politics of the United States of America between 1770s-1860s. Thus it became a matter of banter in the drafting of the American Constitution. Moreover, it became a key issue in Federal legislation and Supreme woo cases. Slaves resisted the legalization of slavery and the whole institution that supported it. To show their dismay, they held rebellions and non-compliance. In addition, they escaped slavery by travelling to non-slave states and Canada. This was made possible by the Underground Railroad. Activists of abolitionism were constantly engaged in governmental and moral debates in an effort to encourage the creation of Free Soil states as Western expansion proceeded. Slavery was a major subject that adept to the start of the American Civil War. Once the Union won the war, slavery became illegal throughout the United States of America. In addition, the country adopted the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.B. Freedom FightersOnce slavery was abolished, African American people began to rise into positions of power in America. Some of them are discussed below.Martin Luther King Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr was not but an American clergyman and activist but also a prominent leader in the African American Civil Rights vogue. He is famous for his share to the ad vancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world. He advocated for the use of non violent methods with regards to Mahatma Gandhi. He is also famous for being a Nobel peace honourable in 1964 for his work to end racial segregation and discrimination using non violent means. When he was assassinated in 1968, he was posthumously honored the presidential Medal of Freedom. This was in 1977 and in 2004 he was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal. In the year 1986, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U.S. federal holi twenty-four hour period.2. Autherine Lucy surrogateAutherine Lucy Foster went down in history as the first black learner to ever attend the University of Alabama. At the time, university policies prohibited her from attending the university since she was black. She therefore approached the national Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for assistance. Court proceedings began on July 1953 and on June 29, 1955, the NAACP se cured a court order preventing the University from turning down the admission applications of Lucy and her comrade based upon their race. Few days later, the court amended the purpose to apply to all other African-American students who were seeking admission in the university. The Supreme Court upheld this in Lucy v. Adams on October 10, 1955. The university reluctantly allowed Lucy to register, however, she was excluded from all dormitories and dining halls. On February 3, 1956, Lucy enrolled as a graduate student in library science, becoming the first African American to ever get admitted to a white familiar school or university in the state. However, things were not smooth sailing for Lucy since on the third day of classes, a hostile mob gathered to keep her from attending her classes. The police intervened however that evening Lucy was suspended from university on grounds that she disrupted the peace in the university. She filed suit against the university and as a result, th ey expelled her on grounds that she slandered the university reputation after decades of law suits, the University overturned her expulsion. This was in 1980, and in 1992, she finally earned her Masters full point in Elementary Education from the University. The University named a scholarship in her honor as advantageously as unveiled a portrait of her in the student union. The inscription on it reads Her initiative and courage won the right for students of all races to attend the University.3. Ida B. Wells- BarnetIda Bell Wells-Barnett (July 16, 1862 March 25, 1931) was an African American female news typography editor and journalist. Her husband, Ferdinand L. Barnett, was the newspaper owner as well as an early civil rights movement leader. Ida documented the extent of killings that were being executed in the United States. She was also dynamic in the womens rights movement as well as the womens suffrage movement in America.Since she was little, she was aggressive in her deman ds for equality and justice for African-Americans. She of all time maintained that the African-American community could only gain justice through its own determination and efforts. Since her death, in March 25, 1931, the significance of her life as well as her legacy has greatly grown. Her life story has been the subject of a extensively performed musical drama, which debuted in 2006, by Tazewell Thompson. In history, she is labeled the woman who was at one time born in slavery yet she grew to overcome all odds and become one of the great pioneer activists of the Civil Rights Movement in America.III. Civil Rights Movements in the United StatesBrown vs. Board of EducationBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a land mark decision made by United States Warren Supreme court on May 17, 1954. The land mark declared the previous state laws that ensured the establishing separate public schools for white and black students were unconstitutional. This court ruling overturned the Ferguson vs. Plessey decision of 1896 which advocated for state-sponsored segregation. The court decision stated that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. As a result, de jure racial segregation was declared a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States constitution. This ruling paved the bearing for integration of all people irrespective of their race and civil rights movement.B. Harlem RenaissanceThe Harlem Renaissance began as a result of changes that had occurred in the African American community since slave was legally abolished. These changes were further hastened by the outcome of World War I. another catalyst to the movement was the great social and cultural changes that occurred in early 20th century in the United States. Industrialization was attracting people to urban areas from the rural areas and as a result, this gave rise to a new mass culture. Some of the contributing factors that lead to the Harlem Renaissanc e were the First World War, which had produced new industrial employment opportunities for hundreds of thousands of people and the Great Migration of African Americans to northern cities in America. This in turn led to the assiduity of ambitious people in areas where they could hearten for each one other. Thus, the movement emerged stronger and more determined than ever.Harlem is a section of New York City. In the early 1900s, mostly in the1920s and early 1930s, African American literature started to thrive in Harlem. The New Negro movement, the New Negro Renaissance, and the Negro Renaissance were names referring the African American movement that was aimed at fighting for the blacks rights in America. This movement came forward towards the end of the First World War in 1918. The Harlem Renaissance marked the crucial split second in American history when the mainstream writers and critics took African American literature seriously. This is because they realized that African Amer ican literature and arts was gaining significant attention from the world as a whole. Although it was mainly a fictional movement, it was very much related to progress in African American theater, music, politics and art. The Harlem Renaissance seemed to be the trounce of times for America to recognize and appreciate the African American people. The Harlem renaissance main objective was to fight for equality. However, once the great depression came about, the Harlem renaissance collapsed. lastThe election of Barrack Obama as a US president was a major milestone in the history of the United States. Being an African American, it was the peoples way of telling the world that the end of the dark ages of racism in America had come. People like martin Luther King Jr. dreamt of the day all Americans would accept each other and learn to live together in harmony. Finally this dream is slowly becoming a reality. Racism is a global harm on society, yet with persistence equality can be made.

Employment and Its Effect on Economics :: Economy United States Essays Business

How has the level of employment/unemployment and national minimum wage edict impacted on the delivery as a whole and how leave alone this effect the economy in the years to come?What is the current state of our economy? Well many economists think that this year the economy will slowdown. In the last ten years or so our ecomony has been driven by factors such as high consumer spending and the soaring property mart, our economy has have already witnessed the housing market slowing down this in turn will have an effect on household spending. As for our manufacturing patience this has reported its worst fall in output in more than 10 years, interpolate magnitude fears over the health of the UK economy. Also Factory production it is reported fell by 4% in the year 2002, This is the largest annual slump since 1991, this is according to figures from the military post for National Statistics.Britains manufacturing industry is going through its worst recession since the early 1990s, h owever high consumer spending has so far protected the wider economy.2004 has seen a raise in economic growth both in the UK and worldwide. Britain has had what economists call full employment for quite some time the problem for the future is that this could soon pitch and we could end up like germany with 10.5 % of the population out of work. The reason that this could happen is that many jobs that exist today were created by the boom in the housing market in the 90?s however in the last four years or so house prices have doubled which has resulted in dishonor consumer spending growth this in turn has an knock on effect on the on the level of employment required in the retail industry and this is a problem.How can employment be classified? There are four types of job. These are primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary jobs. Primary jobs involve getting fond materials from the natural environment e.g. Mining, farming and fishing. Secondary jobs involve making things (manufact uring) e.g. making cars and steel. Tertiary jobs involve providing a service e.g. teaching and nursing. Quaternary jobs involve search and development e.g. IT. Employment Structures Employment structure means how the workforce is divided up between the three main employment sectors - primary, secondary and tertiary. Employment structures change over time. Developing Countries usually have a high percentage of the population in primary employment.

Agriculture: Evolution or Devolution? Essay -- Environment Environment

Agriculture Evolution or Devolution? Considering that the alarming excess and continuing growth of the current world population (of adult male) is straightaway tied to food production and availability, the question of how and why we even developed the technology of agriculture in the first place is becoming more than and more relevant to human survival as we collectively continue to destroy the environment in which we live due in part to these very inelegant techniques and strategies that we atomic number 18 continuing to employ today. Current estimations show that at around the same time that agriculture was beginning to develop and thrive, the population of our ancestors started to double at a rate that was far higher than what it had been previously for the more than 2 million years of prior human existence. What does this then mean, and what does it say about humans and their attitude towards the environment? This hinges largely on the viewpoints to which we allow ourselves to be open.The most common view taken is that most (if not all) technologies we create mark an put on for humankind. Perhaps because they are prized so much either for their practical or symbolic value, it has become difficult to regard the technologies without a bias towards their immediate effectuate on human society as opposed to the overall compatibility with the rest of the natural world. Within this mindset, it is very hard to put aside the very advanced tools that settlem to form the foundation of what a complicated, sophisticated, intelligent human is supposed to be. In this light, a complex process like agriculture cannot be anything just now an advance, and any lifestyle that dates prior to the agricultural advent must, by subtle implication, be inferior. This infe... ...e technologies we created, from market economy and weapons of mass destruction to the simpler-scale household appliances. This suggests that many do not really see the frictions such technologies imp ose on our surroundings as problems, but rather according to their perception of the way things are, the tools they use are only doing exactly what they were supposed to and it cannot be helped. And moreover, this is so ingrained in most modern human cultures that the constituents of said cultures do not even see a problem with that.SourcesEhrlich, Paul R. Human Natures Genes Cultures, and the Human Prospect. Island Press, 2000. Cipolla, Carlo M. The Economic History of instauration Population. The Harvester Press, 1978Ponting, Clive. A Green History of the World The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations. St. Martins Press, New York, 1991.